Display options
Share it on

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Nov 25;12:780888. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.780888. eCollection 2021.

Obesogens: How They Are Identified and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Their Action.

Frontiers in endocrinology

Nicole Mohajer, Chrislyn Y Du, Christian Checkcinco, Bruce Blumberg

Affiliations

  1. Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
  2. Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
  3. Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.

PMID: 34899613 PMCID: PMC8655100 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.780888

Abstract

Adult and childhood obesity have reached pandemic level proportions. The idea that caloric excess and insufficient levels of physical activity leads to obesity is a commonly accepted answer for unwanted weight gain. This paradigm offers an inconclusive explanation as the world continually moves towards an unhealthier and heavier existence irrespective of energy balance. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that resemble natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function by interfering with the body's endogenous hormones. A subset of EDCs called obesogens have been found to cause metabolic disruptions such as increased fat storage,

Copyright © 2021 Mohajer, Du, Checkcinco and Blumberg.

Keywords: EDC; MDC; adipogenesis; endocrine disrupting chemical; metabolism disrupting chemicals; obesity; obesogens

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

  1. Endocrinology. 2020 Aug 1;161(8): - PubMed
  2. Cancer Res. 1973 Dec;33(12):3231-8 - PubMed
  3. Med Hypotheses. 2011 May;76(5):676-81 - PubMed
  4. Nutrients. 2017 Jun 01;9(6): - PubMed
  5. Diabetologia. 2007 Nov;50(11):2374-83 - PubMed
  6. Nutrients. 2019 Apr 19;11(4): - PubMed
  7. J Public Health (Oxf). 2010 Jun;32(2):202-9 - PubMed
  8. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jun 30;17(7): - PubMed
  9. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 5;13(7):e0199080 - PubMed
  10. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Jul;118(7):976-81 - PubMed
  11. J Hazard Mater. 2019 Nov 5;379:120794 - PubMed
  12. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;67(3):766-74 - PubMed
  13. Cell Metab. 2020 Feb 4;31(2):219-231 - PubMed
  14. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Dec 01;166(2):382-393 - PubMed
  15. Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Jan;124(1):112-9 - PubMed
  16. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013 Jul 15;374(1-2):1-9 - PubMed
  17. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2016 May-Jun;10(3):243-55 - PubMed
  18. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 4;11(10):e0163895 - PubMed
  19. Physiol Rep. 2019 Mar;7(6):e14031 - PubMed
  20. Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Sep 18;125(9):096002 - PubMed
  21. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018 Jul;21(4):308-312 - PubMed
  22. Endocrinology. 2018 Aug 1;159(8):2863-2883 - PubMed
  23. Future Lipidol. 2008;3(5):545-556 - PubMed
  24. Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):1027-31 - PubMed
  25. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 04;18(4): - PubMed
  26. Adipocyte. 2019 Dec;8(1):362-378 - PubMed
  27. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7800):586-591 - PubMed
  28. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Sep;118(9):1267-72 - PubMed
  29. Chemosphere. 2020 Feb;241:125092 - PubMed
  30. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 13;10(6): - PubMed
  31. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021 Jun;22(6):393-409 - PubMed
  32. J Cell Biochem. 2000 Apr;78(1):85-96 - PubMed
  33. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 19;9(11):e112123 - PubMed
  34. J Cell Physiol. 1999 Oct;181(1):67-73 - PubMed
  35. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Jun;152:112216 - PubMed
  36. Toxicol Rep. 2018 Jun 13;5:737-743 - PubMed
  37. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018 Jul;42(7):1285-1295 - PubMed
  38. Environ Pollut. 2018 Nov;242(Pt A):1022-1032 - PubMed
  39. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016 Feb;60(2):468-80 - PubMed
  40. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul;31(7):478-494 - PubMed
  41. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 2;10(1):10902 - PubMed
  42. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Apr;51:56-70 - PubMed
  43. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2020 Aug 5;52(8):821-831 - PubMed
  44. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Aug 1;178(8):1098-1103 - PubMed
  45. Endocr Connect. 2021 Feb;10(2):R87-R105 - PubMed
  46. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Jun;121(6):725-30 - PubMed
  47. BMJ Open. 2021 Mar 11;11(3):e040432 - PubMed
  48. Nutr Rev. 2017 Jan;75(suppl 1):19-31 - PubMed
  49. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15718-23 - PubMed
  50. Toxicol Sci. 2019 Aug 1;170(2):452-461 - PubMed
  51. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Oct 15;739:140081 - PubMed
  52. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 5;457:13-19 - PubMed
  53. Mol Metab. 2019 Apr;22:1-11 - PubMed
  54. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Feb;27(2):147-61 - PubMed
  55. Fac Rev. 2021 Mar 26;10:32 - PubMed
  56. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Mar;122(3):310-6 - PubMed
  57. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Jan 24;443(4):1245-50 - PubMed
  58. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2019 Sep;159:68-79 - PubMed
  59. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2014;87(7):753-62 - PubMed
  60. J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Jan 9;61(1):255-9 - PubMed
  61. J Lipid Res. 2018 May;59(5):784-794 - PubMed
  62. Environ Health. 2015 Jun 20;14:54 - PubMed
  63. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 2;105(48):18964-9 - PubMed
  64. Microb Pathog. 2021 Mar;152:104589 - PubMed
  65. Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Aug;124(8):1214-26 - PubMed
  66. Physiol Genomics. 2018 Apr 1;50(4):244-254 - PubMed
  67. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 19;12(6):e0179583 - PubMed
  68. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 13;5:16643 - PubMed
  69. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013 May 6;370(1-2):52-64 - PubMed
  70. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Aug 1;140(2):352-63 - PubMed
  71. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(6):802-815 - PubMed
  72. Ann Biomed Eng. 2017 Jul;45(7):1807-1818 - PubMed
  73. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 May;20(5):2726-34 - PubMed
  74. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Dec 01;166(2):332-344 - PubMed
  75. Sci Total Environ. 2016 Mar 1;545-546:127-36 - PubMed
  76. Front Immunol. 2021 May 21;12:664576 - PubMed
  77. Toxicol Sci. 2019 Feb 1;167(2):468-483 - PubMed
  78. Environ Sci Technol. 2020 May 19;54(10):6262-6271 - PubMed
  79. Reprod Toxicol. 2017 Mar;68:3-33 - PubMed
  80. Arch Toxicol. 2019 Apr;93(4):997-1008 - PubMed
  81. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019 Aug;125 Suppl 3:44-57 - PubMed
  82. BMC Biomed Eng. 2020 Apr 30;2:6 - PubMed
  83. Adv Obes Weight Manag Control. 2020;10(5):146-161 - PubMed
  84. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Sep 3;2018:3462092 - PubMed
  85. Toxicol Sci. 2020 Dec 1;178(2):264-280 - PubMed
  86. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Jul;44(7):1363-1377 - PubMed
  87. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Apr 19;14(4): - PubMed
  88. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 03;22(4): - PubMed
  89. Nat Med. 2015 Aug;21(8):863-5 - PubMed
  90. Cell Metab. 2015 Dec 1;22(6):971-82 - PubMed
  91. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2016 Nov 1;238:61-68 - PubMed
  92. Stem Cells. 2014 Jun;32(6):1578-90 - PubMed
  93. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Oct 15;280(2):224-35 - PubMed
  94. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Oct 1;295:99-114 - PubMed
  95. Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):559-63 - PubMed
  96. Chemosphere. 2016 Jun;153:287-93 - PubMed
  97. Front Genet. 2018 Jun 19;9:203 - PubMed
  98. Nat Commun. 2017 Dec 8;8(1):2012 - PubMed
  99. J Lipid Res. 2006 Feb;47(2):450-60 - PubMed
  100. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Oct;2(10):747-756 - PubMed
  101. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Dec;120(12):1720-6 - PubMed
  102. J Appl Toxicol. 2018 Dec;38(12):1483-1491 - PubMed
  103. J Clin Invest. 2015 Feb;125(2):665-80 - PubMed
  104. Environ Toxicol. 2020 May;35(5):543-552 - PubMed
  105. Endocr Rev. 2015 Dec;36(6):E1-E150 - PubMed
  106. Sci Rep. 2019 Sep 10;9(1):13057 - PubMed
  107. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;318(5):E667-E677 - PubMed
  108. Aquat Toxicol. 2018 Jul;200:83-92 - PubMed
  109. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 May 21;126(5):057006 - PubMed
  110. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 30;9(7):e103337 - PubMed
  111. Toxicol Sci. 2018 Dec 01;166(2):269-287 - PubMed
  112. Tissue Barriers. 2015 Apr 03;3(1-2):e974451 - PubMed
  113. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jul;120(7):984-9 - PubMed
  114. Nat Med. 2021 Jan;27(1):58-65 - PubMed
  115. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Sep;110(9):1307-21 - PubMed
  116. Environ Int. 2020 Jan;134:105328 - PubMed
  117. Endocrinology. 2016 Jun;157(6):2333-45 - PubMed
  118. Nutrients. 2021 May 05;13(5): - PubMed
  119. Nature. 2009 Jan 22;457(7228):480-4 - PubMed
  120. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 17;173(10):782-790 - PubMed
  121. Annu Rev Biochem. 2008;77:289-312 - PubMed
  122. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2021 Jan;1866(1):158819 - PubMed
  123. Toxicol In Vitro. 2020 Sep;67:104904 - PubMed
  124. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 1;10(1):16360 - PubMed
  125. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 13;9(2):e88491 - PubMed
  126. Sci Rep. 2021 Oct 5;11(1):19789 - PubMed
  127. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5493-502 - PubMed
  128. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 Jul - Aug;61(2):157-167 - PubMed
  129. Chemosphere. 2019 Apr;221:493-499 - PubMed
  130. J Hazard Mater. 2020 Jul 5;393:122419 - PubMed
  131. Diseases. 2020 Jun 14;8(2): - PubMed
  132. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Oct;117(10):1549-55 - PubMed
  133. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Nov;17(11):655-672 - PubMed
  134. Stem Cells. 2001;19(5):408-18 - PubMed
  135. Environ Health. 2021 Apr 1;20(1):37 - PubMed
  136. Gut Microbes. 2016 Nov;7(6):471-485 - PubMed
  137. Genome Biol Evol. 2015 Apr 26;7(5):1296-302 - PubMed
  138. PLoS Pathog. 2014 Aug 28;10(8):e1004266 - PubMed
  139. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Sep;119(9):1227-32 - PubMed
  140. Anaerobe. 2019 Feb;55:96-102 - PubMed
  141. Environ Pollut. 2021 Feb 1;270:116243 - PubMed
  142. Endocrinology. 2006 Jun;147(6 Suppl):S25-32 - PubMed
  143. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Mar;1842(3):340-51 - PubMed
  144. Front Microbiol. 2019 Jun 20;10:1360 - PubMed
  145. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jun;25(17):16481-16492 - PubMed
  146. Stem Cells Dev. 2015 Apr 15;24(8):983-94 - PubMed
  147. Diabetes. 2007 Jul;56(7):1761-72 - PubMed
  148. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 8;12(6):e0178426 - PubMed
  149. Mucosal Immunol. 2021 Jan;14(1):113-124 - PubMed
  150. Toxicol Sci. 2014 May;139(1):48-58 - PubMed
  151. Cell Metab. 2007 Oct;6(4):257-66 - PubMed
  152. Diabetes. 2013 Jun;62(6):1783-90 - PubMed
  153. Chemosphere. 2020 Jul;251:126340 - PubMed
  154. J Dev Biol. 2020 Dec 04;8(4): - PubMed
  155. Endocrinology. 2006 Jun;147(6 Suppl):S50-5 - PubMed
  156. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Jul 24;6:114 - PubMed
  157. Cell. 1976 Jan;7(1):105-13 - PubMed
  158. Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Apr-May;23(3):290-6 - PubMed
  159. Microbiome. 2019 Feb 11;7(1):19 - PubMed
  160. FASEB J. 2021 Jul;35(7):e21697 - PubMed
  161. Environ Pollut. 2018 Aug;239:332-341 - PubMed
  162. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Feb;24(2):453-60 - PubMed
  163. Obes Res. 2003 Jan;11(1):65-74 - PubMed
  164. J Toxicol Sci. 2016;41(Special):SP105-SP109 - PubMed
  165. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012 May 6;354(1-2):63-73 - PubMed
  166. Cell Rep Med. 2021 Jul 07;2(7):100332 - PubMed
  167. Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Mar;125(3):437-446 - PubMed
  168. Indian J Pediatr. 2018 Jul;85(7):554-559 - PubMed
  169. Cell. 2014 Aug 14;158(4):705-721 - PubMed
  170. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;293(2):E444-52 - PubMed
  171. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2020 Sep 15;515:110926 - PubMed
  172. Nutrients. 2021 Jun 08;13(6): - PubMed
  173. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Jul;15(7):1675-84 - PubMed
  174. BMJ. 2006 Sep 23;333(7569):622 - PubMed
  175. Endocrinology. 2015 Mar;156(3):896-910 - PubMed
  176. Endocr Rev. 2009 Jun;30(4):293-342 - PubMed
  177. Toxicol Lett. 2005 Dec 15;159(3):226-34 - PubMed
  178. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 20;8(1):11006 - PubMed
  179. Front Physiol. 2019 Jan 09;9:1891 - PubMed
  180. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 08;7:42104 - PubMed
  181. Sci Rep. 2019 Oct 8;9(1):14464 - PubMed
  182. Cancer Res. 1982 May;42(5):2003-11 - PubMed
  183. Sci Transl Med. 2009 Nov 11;1(6):6ra14 - PubMed
  184. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012 May 6;354(1-2):74-84 - PubMed
  185. Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;20(9):2141-55 - PubMed
  186. ISME J. 2013 Jun;7(6):1112-5 - PubMed
  187. Endocrinology. 2016 Jun;157(6):2309-21 - PubMed
  188. Environ Pollut. 2016 Nov;218:923-930 - PubMed
  189. Science. 2015 Dec 4;350(6265):1208-13 - PubMed
  190. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Apr;19(4):709-14 - PubMed
  191. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015 Jan-Mar;9(1):46-50 - PubMed
  192. Sci Total Environ. 2018 Aug 1;631-632:449-458 - PubMed
  193. Nature. 2016 Jul 21;535(7612):376-81 - PubMed
  194. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jun;42(6):2766-8 - PubMed
  195. Nutrients. 2017 Apr 16;9(4): - PubMed
  196. Toxicol Rep. 2021 Mar 10;8:536-547 - PubMed
  197. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 7;7(1):2935 - PubMed
  198. Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):181-6 - PubMed
  199. Metabolites. 2020 Nov 19;10(11): - PubMed
  200. Toxicol Sci. 2016 Jul;152(1):62-71 - PubMed
  201. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019 Jan 6;59:89-106 - PubMed
  202. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2013 Jan 01;5:725-33 - PubMed
  203. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021 Jan 08;14:67-83 - PubMed
  204. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 02;8:507 - PubMed
  205. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 14;8(10):e77481 - PubMed
  206. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 Jun;14(6):479-89 - PubMed
  207. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 28;21(5): - PubMed
  208. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2016 Mar 1;294:32-42 - PubMed
  209. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 02;22(13): - PubMed
  210. Chemosphere. 2021 Oct;280:130711 - PubMed
  211. Endocrinology. 2017 Oct 1;158(10):3109-3125 - PubMed
  212. Methods Enzymol. 2014;538:49-65 - PubMed
  213. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017 Nov;41(11):1607-1614 - PubMed
  214. Endocrinology. 2020 Mar 1;161(3): - PubMed
  215. Environ Res. 2017 Nov;159:606-612 - PubMed
  216. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 28;110(22):9066-71 - PubMed
  217. Environ Int. 2021 Dec;157:106822 - PubMed
  218. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Oct;156:112439 - PubMed
  219. Toxicol Sci. 2003 Aug;74(2):297-308 - PubMed
  220. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 19;22(2): - PubMed
  221. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 3;7(1):14472 - PubMed
  222. Microbiol Immunol. 2012 Jan;56(1):27-39 - PubMed
  223. Environ Health. 2012 Jun 28;11 Suppl 1:S5 - PubMed
  224. Endocrinology. 2012 Sep;153(9):4097-110 - PubMed
  225. Environ Health Perspect. 2015 Jul;123(7):643-50 - PubMed
  226. J Environ Manage. 2021 Feb 15;280:111851 - PubMed
  227. Aquat Toxicol. 2016 Sep;178:19-26 - PubMed
  228. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Oct 1;222:112501 - PubMed
  229. Int J Obes. 1991 Feb;15(2):121-6 - PubMed

Publication Types

Grant support