Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2015 Jul-Aug;10(4):245-65. doi: 10.1002/cmmi.1629. Epub 2014 Oct 29.
A review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005-2014.
Contrast media & molecular imaging
Dina V Hingorani, Adam S Bernstein, Mark D Pagel
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, USA.
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, USA.
PMID: 25355685
PMCID: PMC4414668 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1629
Abstract
This review focuses on MRI contrast agents that are responsive to a change in a physiological biomarker. The response mechanisms are dependent on six physicochemical characteristics, including the accessibility of water to the agent, tumbling time, proton exchange rate, electron spin state, MR frequency or superparamagnetism of the agent. These characteristics can be affected by changes in concentrations or activities of enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, or metal ions, or changes in redox state, pH, temperature, or light. A total of 117 examples are presented, including ones that employ nuclei other than (1) H, which attests to the creativity of multidisciplinary research efforts to develop responsive MRI contrast agents.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: CEST agents; MRI contrast agents; MRS agents; T1 agents; T2* agents; hyperpolarized agents; responsive agents
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