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Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Sep 23;9(10). doi: 10.3390/antiox9100907.

Magnesium, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Man Liu, Samuel C Dudley

Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

PMID: 32977544 PMCID: PMC7598282 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100907

Abstract

Hypomagnesemia is commonly observed in heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Low serum magnesium (Mg) is a predictor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and treating Mg deficiency may help prevent cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which Mg deficiency plays detrimental roles in cardiovascular diseases and review the results of clinical trials of Mg supplementation for heart failure, arrhythmias and other cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: antioxidant; arrhythmias; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; inflammation; mitochondria

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