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Li Y, Hershow R, Irwanto, et al. Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression among Injection Drug Users Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Indonesia. J AIDS Clin Res. 2014;5(5):303doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000303.
Li, Y., Hershow, R., Irwanto, Praptoraharjo, I., Setiawan, M., & Levy, J. (2014). Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression among Injection Drug Users Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Indonesia. Journal of AIDS & clinical research, 5(5), 303. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000303
Li, Yi, et al. "Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression among Injection Drug Users Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Indonesia." Journal of AIDS & clinical research vol. 5,5 (2014): 303. doi: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000303
Li Y, Hershow R, Irwanto, Praptoraharjo I, Setiawan M, Levy J. Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression among Injection Drug Users Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Indonesia. J AIDS Clin Res. 2014 May 01;5(5):303. doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000303. PMID: 25328813; PMCID: PMC4198157.
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J AIDS Clin Res. 2014 May 01;5(5):303. doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000303.

Factors Associated with Symptoms of Depression among Injection Drug Users Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Indonesia.

Journal of AIDS & clinical research

Yi Li, Ronald Hershow, Irwanto, Ignatius Praptoraharjo, Made Setiawan, Judith Levy

Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  2. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  3. Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
  4. University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Administration, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

PMID: 25328813 PMCID: PMC4198157 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000303

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined psychiatric comorbidity among HIV positive injection drug users (IDUs) in resource-limiting settings. We sought to identify key factors associated with symptoms of depression among IDUs receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in Jakarta and Denpasar, Indonesia.

METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at five ARV delivery sites in Indonesia. Former IDUs aged 18 years or older having received ARV treatment for at least three months (n=117) were recruited and interviewed face-to-face. A 9-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to measure symptoms of depression. A structured questionnaire measured participants' demographic characteristics, social support and services received, current substance use, and treatment for drug dependency and HIV. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS: Of the 117 participants, 33% (39) exhibited symptoms of depression, 24% (28) reported using an illicit substance in the past month, and 29% (34) were in methadone treatment. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with recent substance use in the last 30 days (AOR, 95% CI: 5.3, 1.9 to 15.4) and being on methadone (3.5, 1.2 to 10). Older age (per year 0.9, 0.8 to 1), full-time employment (0.2, 0.1 to 0.7), and living with parents (0.2, 0.1 to 0.6) appeared to be protective.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that depression is common among Indonesian IDUs, even among patients enrolled in methadone treatment. HIV clinics and drug treatment programs need to recognize the risk/protective factors and also provide services to address this common comorbidity.

Keywords: Antiretroviral treatment; Depression; HIV; Indonesia; Injection drug use; Methadone; Psychiatric comorbidity

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