J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2015 Mar;3(1):42-52. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2014.00032. Epub 2015 Mar 15.
Update on Autoimmune Hepatitis.
Journal of clinical and translational hepatology
Rodrigo Liberal, Diego Vergani, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani, Downer
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Paediatric Liver, GI & Nutrition Centre and Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK.
PMID: 26357634
PMCID: PMC4542083 DOI: 10.14218/JCTH.2014.00032
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a liver disorder affecting both children and adults, is characterized by inflammatory liver histology, elevated transaminase levels, circulating nonorganspecific autoantibodies, and increased levels of immunoglobulin G, in the absence of a known etiology. Two types of AIH are recognized according to seropositivity: smooth muscle antibody and/or antinuclear antibody define AIH type 1 and antibodies to liver-kidney microsome type 1 and/or liver cytosol type 1 define AIH type 2. AIH type 1 affects both adults and children, while AIH type 2 is mainly a paediatric disease, though it does occasionally affects young adults. AIH should be considered during the diagnostic workup of any patient with increased liver enzyme levels. AIH is exquisitely responsive to immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone with or without azathioprine, with symptom free long-term survival for the majority of patients. For those who do not respond to standard treatment, or who are difficult-to-treat, mycophenolate mofetil and, in the absence of a response, calcineurin inhibitors should be tried in addition to steroids. The pathogenesis of AIH is not fully understood, although there is mounting evidence that genetic susceptibility, molecular mimicry and impaired immunoregulatory networks contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of the autoimmune attack. Liver damage is thought to be mediated primarily by CD4 T-cells, although recent studies support the involvement of diverse populations, including Th17 cells. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AIH is likely to contribute to the development of novel treatments, such as the adoptive transfer of autologous expanded antigenspecific regulatory T-cells, which ultimately aim at restoring tolerance to liver-derived antigens.
Keywords: Autoantibodies; Autoimmune hepatitis; Immunogenetics; Immunosuppresion; Regulatory T cells
References
- J Hepatol. 2011 Jul;55(1):171-82 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 2014 Aug;147(2):443-52.e5 - PubMed
- Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Dec;25(6):653-64 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):658-64 - PubMed
- Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Jun;36(6):836-41 - PubMed
- PLoS One. 2011 Apr 19;6(4):e18909 - PubMed
- Clin Exp Immunol. 1973 Nov;15(3):331-44 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2013 Mar;58(3):529-34 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 1994 Sep;107(3):799-804 - PubMed
- Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Feb;41(2):305-14 - PubMed
- Tissue Antigens. 2007 Mar;69(3):227-35 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2004 Jul;41(1):31-7 - PubMed
- J Clin Pathol. 1991 Feb;44(2):107-14 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 1999 Nov;31(5):929-38 - PubMed
- Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Jul;2(7):625-31 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2009 Jul;50(1):130-42 - PubMed
- J Immunol. 2006 Apr 1;176(7):4484-91 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2010 Jun;51(6):2193-213 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2010 Dec;52(6):2246-7 - PubMed
- Nature. 2006 May 11;441(7090):235-8 - PubMed
- J Autoimmun. 2013 Mar;41:126-39 - PubMed
- J Autoimmun. 2010 Feb;34(1):7-14 - PubMed
- Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Sep;97(9):2402-7 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2011 Feb;53(2):517-26 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2012 Aug;56(2):677-86 - PubMed
- Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Apr;27(4):239-43 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 5;354(1):54-66 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 1993 Oct;18(4):998-1005 - PubMed
- Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965 Jun 30;124(2):767-80 - PubMed
- Clin Transpl. 2004;:315-29 - PubMed
- Clin Exp Immunol. 2000 Aug;121(2):364-74 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 1997 Aug;26(2):459-66 - PubMed
- J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Aug;49(2):158-64 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 27;361(9):888-98 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 1988 Nov-Dec;8(6):1662-6 - PubMed
- Clin Liver Dis. 2002 Aug;6(3):623-34 - PubMed
- J Clin Pathol. 1976 May;29(5):403-10 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 1993 Aug;19(1):55-63 - PubMed
- Lancet. 1987 Feb 7;1(8528):292-4 - PubMed
- World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr 28;17(16):2070-5 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 1995 Oct 12;333(15):958-63 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2006 Mar;43(3):532-8 - PubMed
- J Chronic Dis. 1980;33(6):375-81 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 1999 Oct;30(4):851-6 - PubMed
- Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Apr;10(4):346-53 - PubMed
- Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2004 Sep;43(7):637-42 - PubMed
- World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jun 7;14(21):3388-95 - PubMed
- Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Aug;157(2):261-70 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2006 Oct;45(4):575-83 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2011 Feb;54(2):340-7 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2003 Jul;38(1):196-202 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 2010 Jul;139(1):58-72.e4 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 2010 Oct;139(4):1198-206 - PubMed
- World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jun 7;14(21):3374-87 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2001 Mar;33(3):544-53 - PubMed
- Semin Liver Dis. 2002 Nov;22(4):317-24 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 1994 Jul;107(1):200-7 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2006 Dec;45(6):844-50 - PubMed
- Q J Med. 1971 Apr;40(158):159-85 - PubMed
- World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jun 7;14(21):3301-5 - PubMed
- Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2010 Nov 23;4(3):502-509 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2002 Jan;35(1):7-13 - PubMed
- Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jul;99(7):1316-20 - PubMed
- Arch Dis Child. 1992 Dec;67(12):1447-53 - PubMed
- Clin Exp Immunol. 1984 Feb;55(2):347-54 - PubMed
- Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 May 1;23(9):1347-53 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 1990 Aug;12(2):224-32 - PubMed
- Semin Liver Dis. 2009 Aug;29(3):273-85 - PubMed
- Dig Dis Sci. 1997 Aug;42(8):1688-96 - PubMed
- Liver Transpl. 2007 Jul;13(7):996-1003 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 Mar;12(4):607-13 - PubMed
- Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Sep;40(9):1601-11 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2000 Jan;31(1):49-53 - PubMed
- J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Oct;25(10):1681-6 - PubMed
- Liver Transpl. 2013 Oct;19(10):1065-77 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 1995 Jan;21(1):58-62 - PubMed
- Adv Immunol. 1989;44:93-151 - PubMed
- Clin Med (Lond). 2007 Apr;7(2):119-24 - PubMed
- Lancet. 1956 Dec 29;271(6957):1323-6 - PubMed
- Lancet. 1990 Feb 3;335(8684):258-9 - PubMed
- Semin Liver Dis. 2002 Nov;22(4):339-52 - PubMed
- J Autoimmun. 2005 Aug;25(1):63-71 - PubMed
- Autoimmunity. 2002 Dec;35(8):497-500 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2008 Jul;48(1):169-76 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2012 Jul;57(1):125-32 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 1997 Jun;26(6):1207-12 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 1996 Dec;25(6):859-66 - PubMed
- Semin Immunopathol. 2009 Sep;31(3):421-35 - PubMed
- Gut. 1995 May;36(5):749-54 - PubMed
- Semin Liver Dis. 2009 Aug;29(3):241-53 - PubMed
- J Hepatol. 2004 Oct;41(4):677-83 - PubMed
- Gut. 1998 May;42(5):721-6 - PubMed
- Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jan;33(1):99-103 - PubMed
- Gut. 2009 Jan;58(1):152-3 - PubMed
- Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug;99(8):1510-6 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2000 Oct;32(4 Pt 1):693-700 - PubMed
- J Immunol Methods. 1993 Feb 26;159(1-2):1-16 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 1999 Mar;116(3):643-9 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2010 Sep;52(3):999-1007 - PubMed
- Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Apr;31(8):771-87 - PubMed
- Hepatology. 2006 Feb;43(2 Suppl 1):S132-44 - PubMed
- Lancet. 1973 Apr 7;1(7806):735-7 - PubMed
- Lancet. 2000 Apr 29;355(9214):1510-5 - PubMed
- Gastroenterology. 1972 Nov;63(5):820-33 - PubMed
Publication Types