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Gudmundsson MT, Jónsdóttir K, Hooper A, et al. Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow. Science. 2016;353(6296):aaf8988doi: 10.1126/science.aaf8988.
Gudmundsson, M. T., Jónsdóttir, K., Hooper, A., Holohan, E. P., Halldórsson, S. A., Ófeigsson, B. G., Cesca, S., Vogfjörd, K. S., Sigmundsson, F., Högnadóttir, T., Einarsson, P., Sigmarsson, O., Jarosch, A. H., Jónasson, K., Magnússon, E., Hreinsdóttir, S., Bagnardi, M., Parks, M. M., Hjörleifsdóttir, V., Pálsson, F., Walter, T. R., Schöpfer, M. P., Heimann, S., Reynolds, H. I., Dumont, S., Bali, E., Gudfinnsson, G. H., Dahm, T., Roberts, M. J., Hensch, M., Belart, J. M., Spaans, K., Jakobsson, S., Gudmundsson, G. B., Fridriksdóttir, H. M., Drouin, V., Dürig, T., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Riishuus, M. S., Pedersen, G. B., van Boeckel, T., Oddsson, B., Pfeffer, M. A., Barsotti, S., Bergsson, B., Donovan, A., Burton, M. R., & Aiuppa, A. (2016). Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow. Science (New York, N.Y.), 353(6296), aaf8988. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8988
Gudmundsson, Magnús T, et al. "Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow." Science (New York, N.Y.) vol. 353,6296 (2016): aaf8988. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8988
Gudmundsson MT, Jónsdóttir K, Hooper A, Holohan EP, Halldórsson SA, Ófeigsson BG, Cesca S, Vogfjörd KS, Sigmundsson F, Högnadóttir T, Einarsson P, Sigmarsson O, Jarosch AH, Jónasson K, Magnússon E, Hreinsdóttir S, Bagnardi M, Parks MM, Hjörleifsdóttir V, Pálsson F, Walter TR, Schöpfer MP, Heimann S, Reynolds HI, Dumont S, Bali E, Gudfinnsson GH, Dahm T, Roberts MJ, Hensch M, Belart JM, Spaans K, Jakobsson S, Gudmundsson GB, Fridriksdóttir HM, Drouin V, Dürig T, Aðalgeirsdóttir G, Riishuus MS, Pedersen GB, van Boeckel T, Oddsson B, Pfeffer MA, Barsotti S, Bergsson B, Donovan A, Burton MR, Aiuppa A. Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow. Science. 2016 Jul 15;353(6296):aaf8988. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf8988. PMID: 27418515.
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Science. 2016 Jul 15;353(6296):aaf8988. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf8988.

Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

Magnús T Gudmundsson, Kristín Jónsdóttir, Andrew Hooper, Eoghan P Holohan, Sæmundur A Halldórsson, Benedikt G Ófeigsson, Simone Cesca, Kristín S Vogfjörd, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Thórdís Högnadóttir, Páll Einarsson, Olgeir Sigmarsson, Alexander H Jarosch, Kristján Jónasson, Eyjólfur Magnússon, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Marco Bagnardi, Michelle M Parks, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Finnur Pálsson, Thomas R Walter, Martin P J Schöpfer, Sebastian Heimann, Hannah I Reynolds, Stéphanie Dumont, Eniko Bali, Gudmundur H Gudfinnsson, Torsten Dahm, Matthew J Roberts, Martin Hensch, Joaquín M C Belart, Karsten Spaans, Sigurdur Jakobsson, Gunnar B Gudmundsson, Hildur M Fridriksdóttir, Vincent Drouin, Tobias Dürig, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir, Morten S Riishuus, Gro B M Pedersen, Tayo van Boeckel, Björn Oddsson, Melissa A Pfeffer, Sara Barsotti, Baldur Bergsson, Amy Donovan, Mike R Burton, Alessandro Aiuppa

Affiliations

  1. Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. [email protected].
  2. Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-150 Reykjavík, Iceland.
  3. Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
  4. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland.
  5. Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
  6. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
  7. Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal-IRD, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
  8. Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, Hjarðarhagi 2-6, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
  9. GNS Science, Post Office Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
  10. Departamento de Sismología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
  11. Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
  12. Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. Icelandic Meteorological Office, IS-150 Reykjavík, Iceland.
  13. National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, Skúlagata 21, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
  14. King's College London, King's Building, Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS, England, UK.
  15. University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
  16. University of Palermo, Piazza Marina, 61 90133, Palermo, Italy.

PMID: 27418515 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8988

Abstract

Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption. We use multiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-square-kilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, near-exponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day-long eruption.

Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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