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Front Genet. 2016 Aug 05;7:139. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00139. eCollection 2016.

Comparing Analytic Methods for Longitudinal GWAS and a Case-Study Evaluating Chemotherapy Course Length in Pediatric AML. A Report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Frontiers in genetics

Marijana Vujkovic, Richard Aplenc, Todd A Alonzo, Alan S Gamis, Yimei Li

Affiliations

  1. Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  3. Division of Hematology, Oncology Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics Kansas City, MO, USA.

PMID: 27547214 PMCID: PMC4974249 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00139

Abstract

Regression analysis is commonly used in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to test genotype-phenotype associations but restricts the phenotype to a single observation for each individual. There is an increasing need for analytic methods for longitudinally collected phenotype data. Several methods have been proposed to perform longitudinal GWAS for family-based studies but few methods are described for unrelated populations. We compared the performance of three statistical approaches for longitudinal GWAS in unrelated subjectes: (1) principal component-based generalized estimating equations (PC-GEE); (2) principal component-based linear mixed effects model (PC-LMEM); (3) kinship coefficient matrix-based linear mixed effects model (KIN-LMEM), in a study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the duration of 4 courses of chemotherapy in 624 unrelated children with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) genotyped on the Illumina 2.5 M OmniQuad from the COG studies AAML0531 and AAML1031. In this study we observed an exaggerated type I error with PC-GEE in SNPs with minor allele frequencies < 0.05, wheras KIN-LMEM produces more than expected type II errors. PC-MEM showed balanced type I and type II errors for the observed vs. expected P-values in comparison to competing approaches. In general, a strong concordance was observed between the P-values with the different approaches, in particular among P < 0.01 where the between-method AUCs exceed 99%. PC-LMEM accounts for genetic relatedness and correlations among repeated phenotype measures, shows minimal genome-wide inflation of type I errors, and yields high power. We therefore recommend PC-LMEM as a robust analytic approach for GWAS of longitudinal data in unrelated populations.

Keywords: generalized estimating equations; genome wide association analysis; linear mixed effects model; longitudinal analysis; unrelated population

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