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Front Neurosci. 2017 Apr 04;11:114. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00114. eCollection 2017.

Metallothionein, Copper and Alpha-Synuclein in Alpha-Synucleinopathies.

Frontiers in neuroscience

Yuho Okita, Alexandre N Rcom-H'cheo-Gauthier, Michael Goulding, Roger S Chung, Peter Faller, Dean L Pountney

Affiliations

  1. Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia.
  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia.
  3. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France.
  4. University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced StudyStrasbourg, France.

PMID: 28420950 PMCID: PMC5380005 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00114

Abstract

Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins that function by metal exchange to regulate the bioavailability of metals, such as zinc and copper. Copper functions in the brain to regulate mitochondria, neurotransmitter production, and cell signaling. Inappropriate copper binding can result in loss of protein function and Cu(I)/(II) redox cycling can generate reactive oxygen species. Copper accumulates in the brain with aging and has been shown to bind alpha-synuclein and initiate its aggregation, the primary aetiological factor in Parkinson's disease (PD), and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In PD, total tissue copper is decreased, including neuromelanin-bound copper and there is a reduction in copper transporter CTR-1. Conversely cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) copper is increased. MT-1/2 expression is increased in activated astrocytes in alpha-synucleinopathies, yet expression of the neuronal MT-3 isoform may be reduced. MTs have been implicated in inflammatory states to perform one-way exchange of copper, releasing free zinc and recent studies have found copper bound to alpha-synuclein is transferred to the MT-3 isoform

Keywords: Parkinson's disease; copper; dementia with lewy bodies; metallothionein; multiple system atrophy; α-synuclein

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