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Front Immunol. 2017 Dec 21;8:1887. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01887. eCollection 2017.

Accomplices of the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment Compromising Antitumor Immunity: Adenosine, Lactate, Acidosis, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Potassium Ions, and Phosphatidylserine.

Frontiers in immunology

Peter Vaupel, Gabriele Multhoff

Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.

PMID: 29312351 PMCID: PMC5742577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01887

Abstract

In this minireview, we aim to highlight key factors of the tumor microenvironment, including adenosine, lactate, acidosis, vascular endothelial growth factor, phosphatidylserine, high extracellular K

Keywords: acidosis; adenosine; antitumor immunity; lactate; phosphatidylserine; potassium ions; tumor hypoxia; vascular endothelial growth factor

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