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He P, Xie L, Zhang X, et al. Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potential in the Stratified Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5949doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62411-2.
He, P., Xie, L., Zhang, X., Li, J., Lin, X., Pu, X., Yuan, C., Tian, Z., & Li, J. (2020). Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potential in the Stratified Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea. Scientific reports, 10(1), 5949. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62411-2
He, Peiqing, et al. "Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potential in the Stratified Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea." Scientific reports vol. 10,1 (2020): 5949. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62411-2
He P, Xie L, Zhang X, Li J, Lin X, Pu X, Yuan C, Tian Z, Li J. Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potential in the Stratified Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea. Sci Rep. 2020 Apr 06;10(1):5949. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62411-2. PMID: 32249806; PMCID: PMC7136235.
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Sci Rep. 2020 Apr 06;10(1):5949. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62411-2.

Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potential in the Stratified Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea.

Scientific reports

Peiqing He, Linping Xie, Xuelei Zhang, Jiang Li, Xuezheng Lin, Xinming Pu, Chao Yuan, Ziwen Tian, Jie Li

Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China. [email protected].
  2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. [email protected].
  3. Key Laboratory of Natural Products of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266061, China. [email protected].
  4. Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.
  5. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
  6. Key Laboratory of Natural Products of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266061, China.
  7. Research Center for Islands and Coastal Zone, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.
  8. Marine Engineering Environment and Geomatic Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.

PMID: 32249806 PMCID: PMC7136235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62411-2

Abstract

The Sansha Yongle Blue Hole is the world's deepest (301 m) underwater cave and has a sharp redox gradient, with oligotrophic, anoxic, and sulfidic bottom seawater. In order to discover the microbial communities and their special biogeochemical pathways in the blue hole, we analyzed the 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons and metagenomes of microbials from seawater depths with prominent physical, chemical, and biological features. Redundancy analysis showed that dissolved oxygen was the most important factor affecting the microbial assemblages of the blue hole and surrounding open sea waters, and significantly explained 44.7% of the total variation, followed by silicate, temperature, sulfide, ammonium, methane, nitrous oxide, nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, salinity, particulate organic carbon, and chlorophyll a. We identified a bloom of Alteromonas (34.9%) at the primary nitrite maximum occurring in close proximity to the chlorophyll a peak in the blue hole. Genomic potential for nitrate reduction of Alteromonas might contribute to this maximum under oxygen decrease. Genes that would allow for aerobic ammonium oxidation, complete denitrification, and sulfur-oxidization were enriched at nitrate/nitrite-sulfide transition zone (90 and 100 m) of the blue hole, but not anammox pathways. Moreover, γ-Proteobacterial clade SUP05, ε-Proteobacterial genera Sulfurimonas and Arcobacter, and Chlorobi harbored genes for sulfur-driven denitrification process that mediated nitrogen loss and sulfide removal. In the anoxic bottom seawater (100-300 m), high levels of sulfate reducers and dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (dsrA) potentially created a sulfidic zone of ~200 m thickness. Our findings suggest that in the oligotrophic Sansha Yongle Blue Hole, O

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