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Alderman MH, Taylor HS. Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in female genital tract development. Differentiation. 2021;118:34-40doi: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.01.002.
Alderman, M. H., & Taylor, H. S. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in female genital tract development. Differentiation; research in biological diversity, 11834-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2021.01.002
Alderman, Myles H, and Taylor, Hugh S. "Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in female genital tract development." Differentiation; research in biological diversity vol. 118 (2021): 34-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2021.01.002
Alderman MH, Taylor HS. Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in female genital tract development. Differentiation. 2021 Mar-Apr;118:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.01.002. Epub 2021 Feb 24. PMID: 33707128; PMCID: PMC8073215.
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Differentiation. 2021 Mar-Apr;118:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.01.002. Epub 2021 Feb 24.

Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in female genital tract development.

Differentiation; research in biological diversity

Myles H Alderman, Hugh S Taylor

Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
  2. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].

PMID: 33707128 PMCID: PMC8073215 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.01.002

Abstract

The development of the female reproductive tract can be divided into three parts consisting of Müllerian duct organogenesis, pre-sexual maturation organ development, and post-sexual maturation hormonal regulation. In primates, Müllerian duct organogenesis proceeds in an estrogen independent fashion based on transcriptional pathways that are suppressed in males by the presence of AMH and SRY. However, clinical experience indicates that exposure to xenoestrogens such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) during critical periods including late organogenesis and pre-sexual maturational development can have substantial effects on uterine morphology, and confer increased risk of disease states later in life. Recent evidence has demonstrated that these effects are in part due to epigenetic regulation of gene expression, both in the form of aberrant CpG methylation, and accompanying histone modifications. While xenoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) both can induce non-canonical binding confirmations in estrogen receptors, the primate specific fetal estrogens Estriol and Estetrol may act in a similar fashion to alter gene expression through tissue specific epigenetic modulation.

Copyright © 2021 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: BPA; Estetrol; Estradiol; Estriol; Estrogen; Fetal steroids; Pregnancy; Steroidogenesis; Xenoestrogens

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