Display options
Cite
Hoogman M, van Rooij D, Klein M, et al. Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure. Hum Brain Mapp. 2020;43(1):37-55doi: 10.1002/hbm.25029.
Hoogman, M., van Rooij, D., Klein, M., Boedhoe, P., Ilioska, I., Li, T., Patel, Y., Postema, M. C., Zhang-James, Y., Anagnostou, E., Arango, C., Auzias, G., Banaschewski, T., Bau, C. H. D., Behrmann, M., Bellgrove, M. A., Brandeis, D., Brem, S., Busatto, G. F., Calderoni, S., Calvo, R., Castellanos, F. X., Coghill, D., Conzelmann, A., Daly, E., Deruelle, C., Dinstein, I., Durston, S., Ecker, C., Ehrlich, S., Epstein, J. N., Fair, D. A., Fitzgerald, J., Freitag, C. M., Frodl, T., Gallagher, L., Grevet, E. H., Haavik, J., Hoekstra, P. J., Janssen, J., Karkashadze, G., King, J. A., Konrad, K., Kuntsi, J., Lazaro, L., Lerch, J. P., Lesch, K. P., Louza, M. R., Luna, B., Mattos, P., McGrath, J., Muratori, F., Murphy, C., Nigg, J. T., Oberwelland-Weiss, E., O'Gorman Tuura, R. L., O'Hearn, K., Oosterlaan, J., Parellada, M., Pauli, P., Plessen, K. J., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Reif, A., Reneman, L., Retico, A., Rosa, P. G. P., Rubia, K., Shaw, P., Silk, T. J., Tamm, L., Vilarroya, O., Walitza, S., Jahanshad, N., Faraone, S. V., Francks, C., van den Heuvel, O. A., Paus, T., Thompson, P. M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Franke, B. (2022). Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure. Human brain mapping, 43(1), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25029
Hoogman, Martine, et al. "Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure." Human brain mapping vol. 43,1 (2022): 37-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25029
Hoogman M, van Rooij D, Klein M, Boedhoe P, Ilioska I, Li T, Patel Y, Postema MC, Zhang-James Y, Anagnostou E, Arango C, Auzias G, Banaschewski T, Bau CHD, Behrmann M, Bellgrove MA, Brandeis D, Brem S, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Calvo R, Castellanos FX, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Daly E, Deruelle C, Dinstein I, Durston S, Ecker C, Ehrlich S, Epstein JN, Fair DA, Fitzgerald J, Freitag CM, Frodl T, Gallagher L, Grevet EH, Haavik J, Hoekstra PJ, Janssen J, Karkashadze G, King JA, Konrad K, Kuntsi J, Lazaro L, Lerch JP, Lesch KP, Louza MR, Luna B, Mattos P, McGrath J, Muratori F, Murphy C, Nigg JT, Oberwelland-Weiss E, O'Gorman Tuura RL, O'Hearn K, Oosterlaan J, Parellada M, Pauli P, Plessen KJ, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Reneman L, Retico A, Rosa PGP, Rubia K, Shaw P, Silk TJ, Tamm L, Vilarroya O, Walitza S, Jahanshad N, Faraone SV, Francks C, van den Heuvel OA, Paus T, Thompson PM, Buitelaar JK, Franke B. Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan;43(1):37-55. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25029. Epub 2020 May 18. PMID: 32420680.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan;43(1):37-55. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25029. Epub 2020 May 18.

Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure.

Human brain mapping

Martine Hoogman, Daan van Rooij, Marieke Klein, Premika Boedhoe, Iva Ilioska, Ting Li, Yash Patel, Merel C Postema, Yanli Zhang-James, Evdokia Anagnostou, Celso Arango, Guillaume Auzias, Tobias Banaschewski, Claiton H D Bau, Marlene Behrmann, Mark A Bellgrove, Daniel Brandeis, Silvia Brem, Geraldo F Busatto, Sara Calderoni, Rosa Calvo, Francisco X Castellanos, David Coghill, Annette Conzelmann, Eileen Daly, Christine Deruelle, Ilan Dinstein, Sarah Durston, Christine Ecker, Stefan Ehrlich, Jeffery N Epstein, Damien A Fair, Jacqueline Fitzgerald, Christine M Freitag, Thomas Frodl, Louise Gallagher, Eugenio H Grevet, Jan Haavik, Pieter J Hoekstra, Joost Janssen, Georgii Karkashadze, Joseph A King, Kerstin Konrad, Jonna Kuntsi, Luisa Lazaro, Jason P Lerch, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Mario R Louza, Beatriz Luna, Paulo Mattos, Jane McGrath, Filippo Muratori, Clodagh Murphy, Joel T Nigg, Eileen Oberwelland-Weiss, Ruth L O'Gorman Tuura, Kirsten O'Hearn, Jaap Oosterlaan, Mara Parellada, Paul Pauli, Kerstin J Plessen, J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Andreas Reif, Liesbeth Reneman, Alessandra Retico, Pedro G P Rosa, Katya Rubia, Philip Shaw, Tim J Silk, Leanne Tamm, Oscar Vilarroya, Susanne Walitza, Neda Jahanshad, Stephen V Faraone, Clyde Francks, Odile A van den Heuvel, Tomas Paus, Paul M Thompson, Jan K Buitelaar, Barbara Franke

Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  2. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  3. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  4. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  5. Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  6. Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  7. Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  8. Department of Psychiatry and behavioral sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
  9. Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  10. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
  11. School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
  12. INT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, France.
  13. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
  14. Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  15. Adulthood ADHD Outpatient Program (ProDAH), Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  16. Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  17. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
  18. Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  19. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  20. The Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  21. Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  22. Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
  23. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
  24. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
  25. IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
  26. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.
  27. Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
  28. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, New York, USA.
  29. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
  30. Department of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  31. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  32. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany.
  33. PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology II), Göttingen, Germany.
  34. Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  35. Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
  36. NICHE lab, Deptartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  37. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  38. Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
  39. Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center at the Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
  40. Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
  41. Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
  42. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
  43. Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
  44. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
  45. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
  46. German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
  47. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  48. K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
  49. Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
  50. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  51. Scientific research institute of Pediatrics and child health of Central clinical Hospital RAoS, Moscow, Russia.
  52. Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
  53. JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Julich, Germany.
  54. Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  55. Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
  56. The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  57. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  58. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
  59. Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
  60. Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  61. Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  62. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
  63. D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  64. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  65. Translational Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
  66. Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
  67. Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland.
  68. Department of physiology and pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
  69. Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  70. Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  71. Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Germany.
  72. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  73. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland.
  74. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
  75. Group of Psychiatry, Addictions and Mental Health, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
  76. Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
  77. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
  78. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  79. Brain Imaging Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  80. National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Pisa, Italy.
  81. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  82. National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
  83. National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
  84. Deakin University, School of Psychology, Geelong, Australia.
  85. College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
  86. Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
  87. Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
  88. Department of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
  89. Departments of Psychology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  90. Karakter child and adolescent psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  91. Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

PMID: 32420680 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25029

Abstract

Neuroimaging has been extensively used to study brain structure and function in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) over the past decades. Two of the main shortcomings of the neuroimaging literature of these disorders are the small sample sizes employed and the heterogeneity of methods used. In 2013 and 2014, the ENIGMA-ADHD and ENIGMA-ASD working groups were respectively, founded with a common goal to address these limitations. Here, we provide a narrative review of the thus far completed and still ongoing projects of these working groups. Due to an implicitly hierarchical psychiatric diagnostic classification system, the fields of ADHD and ASD have developed largely in isolation, despite the considerable overlap in the occurrence of the disorders. The collaboration between the ENIGMA-ADHD and -ASD working groups seeks to bring the neuroimaging efforts of the two disorders closer together. The outcomes of case-control studies of subcortical and cortical structures showed that subcortical volumes are similarly affected in ASD and ADHD, albeit with small effect sizes. Cortical analyses identified unique differences in each disorder, but also considerable overlap between the two, specifically in cortical thickness. Ongoing work is examining alternative research questions, such as brain laterality, prediction of case-control status, and anatomical heterogeneity. In brief, great strides have been made toward fulfilling the aims of the ENIGMA collaborations, while new ideas and follow-up analyses continue that include more imaging modalities (diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI), collaborations with other large databases, and samples with dual diagnoses.

© 2020 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Keywords: ADHD; ASD; ENIGMA; cortex; neuroimaging; subcortical volumes

References

  1. Adams, H. H., Hibar, D. P., Chouraki, V., Stein, J. L., Nyquist, P. A., Rentería, M. E., … Thompson, P. M. (2016). Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association. Nature Neuroscience, 19(12), 1569-1582. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4398 - PubMed
  2. Amaral, D. G., Schumann, C. M., & Nordahl, C. W. (2008). Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends in Neurosciences, 31(3), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005 - PubMed
  3. Ameis, S. H., Lerch, J. P., Taylor, M. J., Lee, W., Viviano, J. D., Pipitone, J., … Anagnostou, E. (2016). A diffusion tensor imaging study in children with ADHD, autism Spectrum disorder, OCD, and matched controls: Distinct and non-distinct White matter disruption and dimensional brain-behavior relationships. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 1213-1222. - PubMed
  4. The American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed. Southwest Washington, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. - PubMed
  5. Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., & Faraone, S. V. (2013). The comorbidity of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(10), 1117-1128. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2013.840417 - PubMed
  6. Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., Wagner, K. E., Ledesma, A., & Faraone, S. V. (2016). An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: A focus on clinical management. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 16(3), 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2016.1146591 - PubMed
  7. Aoki, Y., Yoncheva, Y. N., Chen, B., Nath, T., Sharp, D., Lazar, M., … Di Martino, A. (2017). Association of White Matter Structure with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(11), 1120-1128. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2573 - PubMed
  8. Asherson, P., & Trzaskowski, M. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the extreme and impairing tail of a continuum. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(4), 249-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.01.014 - PubMed
  9. Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: The special needs and autism project (SNAP). Lancet, 368(9531), 210-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7 - PubMed
  10. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(3), 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00011-7 - PubMed
  11. Boedhoe, P. S. W., van Rooij, D., Hoogman, M., Twisk, J. W. R., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., … van den Heuvel, O. A. (2019). Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness and cortical surface area across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). bioRxiv, 673012. https://doi.org/10.1101/673012 - PubMed
  12. Bourgeron, T. (2015). From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 16(9), 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3992 - PubMed
  13. Bralten, J., van Hulzen, K. J., Martens, M. B., Galesloot, T. E., Arias Vasquez, A., Kiemeney, L. A., … Poelmans, G. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits share genetics and biology. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(5), 1205-1212. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.98 - PubMed
  14. Brieber, S., Neufang, S., Bruning, N., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., … Konrad, K. (2007). Structural brain abnormalities in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(12), 1251-1258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01799.x - PubMed
  15. Clark, L. A., Cuthbert, B., Lewis-Fernández, R., Narrow, W. E., & Reed, G. M. (2017). Three approaches to understanding and classifying mental disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health's research domain criteria (RDoC). Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(2), 72-145. - PubMed
  16. Cooper, M., Martin, J., Langley, K., Hamshere, M., & Thapar, A. (2014). Autistic traits in children with ADHD index clinical and cognitive problems. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0398-6 - PubMed
  17. Cristino, A. S., Williams, S. M., Hawi, Z., An, J. Y., Bellgrove, M. A., Schwartz, C. E., … Claudianos, C. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders represent an interconnected molecular system. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(3), 294-301. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.16 - PubMed
  18. Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., … Killiany, R. J. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage, 31(3), 968-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021 - PubMed
  19. Di Martino, A., Kelly, C., Grzadzinski, R., Zuo, X. N., Mennes, M., Mairena, M. A., … Milham, M. P. (2011). Aberrant striatal functional connectivity in children with autism. Biological Psychiatry, 69(9), 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.029 - PubMed
  20. Di Martino, A., Zuo, X. N., Kelly, C., Grzadzinski, R., Mennes, M., Schvarcz, A., … Milham, M. P. (2013). Shared and distinct intrinsic functional network centrality in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 74(8), 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.011 - PubMed
  21. Dougherty, C. C., Evans, D. W., Myers, S. M., Moore, G. J., & Michael, A. M. (2016). A comparison of structural brain imaging findings in autism Spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology Review, 26(1), 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-015-9300-2 - PubMed
  22. Ellison-Wright, I., Ellison-Wright, Z., & Bullmore, E. (2008). Structural brain change in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identified by meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-5 - PubMed
  23. Faraone, S. V., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Biederman, J., Buitelaar, J. K., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., … Franke, B. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 1, 15020. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.20 - PubMed
  24. Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(4), 562-575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0 - PubMed
  25. Favre, P., Pauling, M., Stout, J., Hozer, F., Sarrazin, S., Abé, C., … ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. (2019). Widespread white matter microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder: Evidence from mega- and meta-analyses across 3033 individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(13), 2285-2293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0485-6 - PubMed
  26. Fombonne, E., Rogé, B., Claverie, J., Courty, S., & Frémolle, J. (1999). Microcephaly and macrocephaly in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023036509476 - PubMed
  27. Foster, N. E., Doyle-Thomas, K. A., Tryfon, A., Ouimet, T., Anagnostou, E., Evans, A. C., … NeuroDevNet ASD imaging group. (2015). Structural gray matter differences during childhood development in autism Spectrum disorder: A multimetric approach. Pediatric Neurology, 53(4), 350-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.06.013 - PubMed
  28. Franke, B., Michelini, G., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Bilbow, A., Buitelaar, J. K., … Reif, A. (2018). Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(10), 1059-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001 - PubMed
  29. Franke, B., Stein, J. L., Ripke, S., Anttila, V., Hibar, D. P., van Hulzen, K. J. E., … Sullivan, P. F. (2016). Genetic influences on schizophrenia and subcortical brain volumes: Large-scale proof of concept. Nature Neuroscience, 19(3), 420-431. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4228 - PubMed
  30. Freitag, C. M. (2007). The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: A review of the literature. Molecular Psychiatry, 12(1), 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 - PubMed
  31. Frodl, T., & Skokauskas, N. (2012). Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(2), 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x - PubMed
  32. Geurts, H. M., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Scholte, H. S. (2013). The relationship between grey-matter and ASD and ADHD traits in typical adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1630-1641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1708-4 - PubMed
  33. Ghirardi, L., Brikell, I., Kuja-Halkola, R., Freitag, C. M., Franke, B., Asherson, P., … Larsson, H. (2018). The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: A register-based cohort study. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(2), 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.17 - PubMed
  34. Grasby, K. L., Jahanshad, N., Painter, J. N., Colodro-Conde, L., Bralten, J., Hibar, D. P., … Medland, S. E. (2020). Genetics through meta-analysis Consortium-genetics working group. Science, 367(6484), eaay6690. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6690 - PubMed
  35. Grove, J., Ripke, S., Als, T. D., Mattheisen, M., Walters, R. K., Won, H., … Borglum, A. D. (2019). Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nature Genetics, 51(3), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0344-8 - PubMed
  36. Haar, S., Berman, S., Behrmann, M., & Dinstein, I. (2016). Anatomical abnormalities in autism?Cerebral Cortex, 26(4), 1440-1452. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu242 - PubMed
  37. Hartman, C. A., Geurts, H. M., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2016). Changing ASD-ADHD symptom co-occurrence across the lifespan with adolescence as crucial time window: Illustrating the need to go beyond childhood. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 529-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.003 - PubMed
  38. Hawrylycz, M. J., Lein, E. S., Guillozet-Bongaarts, A. L., Shen, E. H., Ng, L., Miller, J. A., … Jones, A. R. (2012). An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature, 489(7416), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11405 - PubMed
  39. Hess, J. L., Akutagava-Martins, G. C., Patak, J. D., Glatt, S. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2018). Why is there selective subcortical vulnerability in ADHD? Clues from postmortem brain gene expression data. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(8), 1787-1793. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.242 - PubMed
  40. Hess, J. L., Radonjić, N. V., Patak, J., Glatt, S. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2019). Spatial organization of cells and variable expression of autophagy, apoptosis, and neurodevelopmental genes might underlie selective brain region vulnerability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. bioRxiv, 652792. https://doi.org/10.1101/652792. - PubMed
  41. Hibar, D. P., Adams, H. H. H., Jahanshad, N., Chauhan, G., Stein, J. L., Hofer, E., … Ikram, M. A. (2017). Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume. Nature Communications, 8, 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13624 - PubMed
  42. Hibar, D. P., Stein, J. L., Renteria, M. E., Arias-Vasquez, A., Desrivieres, S., Jahanshad, N., … SYS. (2015). Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures. Nature, 520(7546), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14101 - PubMed
  43. Hoogman, M., Bralten, J., Hibar, D. P., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M. P., Schweren, L. S. J., … Franke, B. (2017). Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: A cross-sectional mega-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(4), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30049-4 - PubMed
  44. Hoogman, M., Muetzel, R., Guimaraes, J. P., Shumskaya, E., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M. P., … Franke, B. (2019). Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: A coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 531-542. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033 - PubMed
  45. Huisman-van Dijk, H. M., van de Schoot, R., Rijkeboer, M. M., Mathews, C. A., & Cath, D. C. (2016). The relationship between tics, OC, ADHD and autism symptoms: A cross-disorder symptom analysis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome patients and family-members. Psychiatry Research, 237, 138-146. - PubMed
  46. Jensen, C. M., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2015). Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders, 7(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0142-1 - PubMed
  47. Joshi, G., Faraone, S. V., Wozniak, J., Tarko, L., Fried, R., Galdo, M., … Biederman, J. (2017). Symptom profile of ADHD in youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: A comparative study in psychiatrically referred populations. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(10), 846-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714543368 - PubMed
  48. Kaat, A. J., Gadow, K. D., & Lecavalier, L. (2013). Psychiatric symptom impairment in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(6), 959-969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9739-7 - PubMed
  49. Klein, M., Walters, R. K., Demontis, D., Stein, J. L., Hibar, D. P., Adams, H. H., … Franke, B. (2019). Genetic markers of ADHD-related variations in intracranial volume. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(3), 228-238. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020149 - PubMed
  50. Kotte, A., Joshi, G., Fried, R., Uchida, M., Spencer, A., Woodworth, K. Y., … Biederman, J. (2013). Autistic traits in children with and without ADHD. Pediatrics, 132(3), 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3947 - PubMed
  51. Langen, M., Leemans, A., Johnston, P., Ecker, C., Daly, E., Murphy, C. M., … Murphy, D. G. (2012). Fronto-striatal circuitry and inhibitory control in autism: Findings from diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Cortex, 48(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.018 - PubMed
  52. Lee, P. H., Anttila, V., Won, H., Feng, Y.-C. A., Rosenthal, J., Zhu, Z., … Smoller, J. W. (2019). Genome wide meta-analysis identifies genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders. Cell, 179(7), 1469-1482.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.020 - PubMed
  53. Li, T., van Rooij, D., Roth Mota, N., Buitelaar, J., the ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, Hoogman, M., … Franke, B. (2019). Characterizing neuroanatomic heterogeneity in people with and without ADHD based on subcortical brain volumes. bioRxiv, 868414. https://doi.org/10.1101/868414 - PubMed
  54. Luo, W., Zhang, C., Jiang, Y. H., & Brouwer, C. R. (2018). Systematic reconstruction of autism biology from massive genetic mutation profiles. Science Advances, 4(4), e1701799. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701799 - PubMed
  55. Mackey, S., Allgaier, N., Chaarani, B., Spechler, P., Orr, C., Bunn, J., … ENIGMA Addiction Working Group. (2018). Mega-analysis of gray matter volume in substance dependence: General and substance-specific regional effects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 119-128. - PubMed
  56. Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Mayes, R. D., & Molitoris, S. (2012). Autism and ADHD: Overlapping and discriminating symptoms. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 277-285. - PubMed
  57. Mous, S. E., Muetzel, R. L., El Marroun, H., Polderman, T. J., van der Lugt, A., Jaddoe, V. W., … White, T. (2014). Cortical thickness and inattention/hyperactivity symptoms in young children: A population-based study. Psychological Medicine, 44(15), 3203-3213. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000877 - PubMed
  58. Murphy, D., & Spooren, W. (2012). EU-AIMS: A boost to autism research. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 11(11), 815-816. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3881 - PubMed
  59. Nakao, T., Radua, J., Rubia, K., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2011). Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: Voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(11), 1154-1163. - PubMed
  60. Nickl-Jockschat, T., Habel, U., Michel, T. M., Manning, J., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., … Eickhoff, S. B. (2012). Brain structure anomalies in autism spectrum disorder-A meta-analysis of VBM studies using anatomic likelihood estimation. Human Brain Mapping, 33(6), 1470-1489. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21299 - PubMed
  61. Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C., Lukito, S., Hart, H., Mataix-Cols, D., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2016). Structural and functional brain abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(8), 815-825. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0700 - PubMed
  62. Nylander, L., Holmqvist, M., Gustafson, L., & Gillberg, C. (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adult psychiatry. A 20-year register study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 67(5), 344-350. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2012.748824 - PubMed
  63. Patel, Y., Shin, J., Gowland, P. A., Pausova, Z., Paus, T., & IMAGEN Consortium. (2018). Maturation of the human cerebral cortex during adolescence: Myelin or dendritic arbor?Cerebral Cortex, 29, 3351-3362. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy204 - PubMed
  64. Patel, Y., Parker, N., Shin, J., Howard, D., French, L., Thomopoulos, S., … Paus, T. (2020). Virtual histology of cortical thickness reveals shared neurobiology underlying six psychiatric disorders: A meta - analysis of 148 cohorts from the ENIGMA Consortium. - PubMed
  65. Postema, M., Hoogman, M., Thompson, P., Fisher, S., Franke, B., & Francks, C. (2020). An ENIGMA consortium analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. bioRxiv, 974758. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.974758 - PubMed
  66. Postema, M. C., van Rooij, D., Anagnostou, E., Arango, C., Auzias, G., Behrmann, M., … Francks, C. (2019). Altered structural brain asymmetry in autism spectrum disorder in a study of 54 datasets. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4958. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13005-8 - PubMed
  67. Rommelse, N., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hartman, C. A. (2017). Structural brain imaging correlates of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan: A hypothesis-generating review on developmental ASD-ADHD subtypes. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna), 124(2), 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1651-1 - PubMed
  68. Rommelse, N. N., Franke, B., Geurts, H. M., Hartman, C. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010). Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(3), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0092-x - PubMed
  69. Rommelse, N. N., Geurts, H. M., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hartman, C. A. (2011). A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(6), 1363-1396. - PubMed
  70. Ronald, A., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: A decade of new twin studies. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 156B(3), 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31159 - PubMed
  71. Ronald, A., Simonoff, E., Kuntsi, J., Asherson, P., & Plomin, R. (2008). Evidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(5), 535-542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01857.x - PubMed
  72. Salazar, F., Baird, G., Chandler, S., Tseng, E., O'sullivan, T., Howlin, P., … Simonoff, E. (2015). Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in preschool and elementary school-aged children with autism Spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2283-2294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5 - PubMed
  73. Satterstrom, F. K., Walters, R. K., Singh, T., Wigdor, E. M., Lescai, F., Demontis, D., … Daly, M. J. (2019). Autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have a similar burden of rare protein-truncating variants. Nature Neuroscience, 22(12), 1961-1965. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0527-8 - PubMed
  74. Schork, A. J., Won, H., Appadurai, V., Nudel, R., Gandal, M., Delaneau, O., … Werge, T. (2019). A genome-wide association study of shared risk across psychiatric disorders implicates gene regulation during fetal neurodevelopment. Nature Neuroscience, 22(3), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0320-0 - PubMed
  75. Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., … Rapoport, J. L. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(49), 19649-19654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707741104 - PubMed
  76. Shaw, P., Gilliam, M., Liverpool, M., Weddle, C., Malek, M., Sharp, W., … Giedd, J. (2011). Cortical development in typically developing children with symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity: Support for a dimensional view of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10030385 - PubMed
  77. Shaw, P., Ishii-Takahashi, A., Park, M. T., Devenyi, G. A., Zibman, C., Kasparek, S., … White, T. (2018). A multicohort, longitudinal study of cerebellar development in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(10), 1114-1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12920 - PubMed
  78. Shin, J., French, L., Xu, T., Leonard, G., Perron, M., Pike, G. B., … Paus, T. (2018). Cell-specific gene-expression profiles and cortical thickness in the human brain. Cerebral Cortex, 28(9), 3267-3277. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx197 - PubMed
  79. Stanfield, A. C., McIntosh, A. M., Spencer, M. D., Philip, R., Gaur, S., & Lawrie, S. M. (2008). Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. European Psychiatry, 23(4), 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006 - PubMed
  80. Stein, J. L., Medland, S. E., Vasquez, A. A., Hibar, D. P., Senstad, R. E., Winkler, A. M., … the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. (2012). Identification of common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes. Nature Genetics, 44(5), 552−+-561. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2250 - PubMed
  81. Stergiakouli, E., Davey Smith, G., Martin, J., Skuse, D. H., Viechtbauer, W., Ring, S. M., … St Pourcain, B. (2017). Shared genetic influences between dimensional ASD and ADHD symptoms during child and adolescent development. Molecular Autism, 8, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0131-2 - PubMed
  82. Sussman, D., Leung, R. C., Vogan, V. M., Lee, W., Trelle, S., Lin, S., … Taylor, M. J. (2015). The autism puzzle: Diffuse but not pervasive neuroanatomical abnormalities in children with ASD. Neuroimage Clinics, 8, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.008 - PubMed
  83. Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(4), e994-e1001. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3482 - PubMed
  84. Thompson, P., Jahanshad, N., Ching, C. R. K., Salminen, L., Thomopoulos, S. I., Bright, J., … Zelman, V. (2020). A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries. Transl Psychiatry, 10(100), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0705-1 - PubMed
  85. Truedsson, E., Bohlin, G., & Wåhlstedt, C. (2015). The specificity and independent contribution of inhibition, working memory, and reaction time variability in relation to symptoms of ADHD and ASD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 108705471558709. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715587093 - PubMed
  86. Turner, A. H., Greenspan, K. S., & van Erp, T. G. M. (2016). Pallidum and lateral ventricle volume enlargement in autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 252, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.003 - PubMed
  87. Valera, E. M., Faraone, S. V., Murray, K. E., & Seidman, L. J. (2007). Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 61(12), 1361-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.011 - PubMed
  88. van der Meer, J. M., Oerlemans, A. M., van Steijn, D. J., Lappenschaar, M. G., de Sonneville, L. M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. (2012). Are autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder different manifestations of one overarching disorder? Cognitive and symptom evidence from a clinical and population-based sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(11), 1160-1172.e1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.024 - PubMed
  89. van der Meer, J. M. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Hartman, C. A., Greven, C. U., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2017). Homogeneous combinations of ASD-ADHD traits and their cognitive and behavioral correlates in a population-based sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(9), 753-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714533194 - PubMed
  90. van Rooij, D., Anagnostou, E., Arango, C., Auzias, G., Behrmann, M., Busatto, G. F., … Buitelaar, J. K. (2018). Cortical and subcortical brain morphometry differences between patients with autism Spectrum disorder and healthy individuals across the lifespan: Results from the ENIGMA ASD working group. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010100 - PubMed
  91. van Velzen, L. S., Kelly, S., Isaev, D., Aleman, A., Aftanas, L. I., Bauer, J., … Schmaal, L. (2019). White matter disturbances in major depressive disorder: A coordinated analysis across 20 international cohorts in the ENIGMA MDD working group. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0477-2 - PubMed
  92. Villalón-Reina, J. E., Martínez, K., Qu, X., Ching, C. R. K., Nir, T. M., Kothapalli, D., … Bearden, C. E. (2019). Altered white matter microstructure in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A multisite diffusion tensor imaging study. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0450-0 - PubMed
  93. von Rhein, D., Mennes, M., van Ewijk, H., Groenman, A. P., Zwiers, M. P., Oosterlaan, J., … Buitelaar, J. (2015). The NeuroIMAGE study: A prospective phenotypic, cognitive, genetic and MRI study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design and descriptives. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(3), 265-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0573-4 - PubMed
  94. White, T., Muetzel, R. L., El Marroun, H., Blanken, L. M. E., Jansen, P., Bolhuis, K., … Tiemeier, H. (2018). Paediatric population neuroimaging and the generation R study: The second wave. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 99-125. - PubMed
  95. Wigmore, E. M., Clarke, T. K., Howard, D. M., Adams, M. J., Hall, L. S., Zeng, Y., … McIntosh, A. M. (2017). Do regional brain volumes and major depressive disorder share genetic architecture? A study of generation Scotland (n=19 762), UKbiobank (n=24 048) and the English longitudinal study of ageing (n=5766). Translational Psychiatry, 7(8), e1205. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.148 - PubMed
  96. Xu, G., Strathearn, L., Lui, B., O'Brien, M., Kopelman, T., Zhu, J., … Bao, W. (2018). Prevalence and treatment patterns of autism spectrum disorder in the United States, 2016. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 153-159. - PubMed
  97. Zhang-James, Y., Helminen, E. C., Liu, J., Franke, B., Hoogman, M., & Faraone, S. V. (2019). Machine learning classification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using structural MRI data. bioRxiv, 546671. https://doi.org/10.1101/546671 - PubMed
  98. Zhang-James, Y., Hoogman, M., van Rooij, D., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., &, ENIGMA-ADHD and ENIGMA-ASD working groups (2020). Improved classification performance with autoencoder-based feature extraction using cross-disorder datasets. In preparation. - PubMed
  99. Zielinski, B. A., Prigge, M. B., Nielsen, J. A., Froehlich, A. L., Abildskov, T. J., Anderson, J. S., … Lainhart, J. E. (2014). Longitudinal changes in cortical thickness in autism and typical development. Brain, 137(Pt 6), 1799-1812. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu083 - PubMed

Publication Types

Grant support