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Bupivacaine effectively relieves inflammation-induced pain by suppressing activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and inhibiting the activation of spinal microglia and astrocytes.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine

Zhang J, Deng X.
PMID: 28450945
Exp Ther Med. 2017 Mar;13(3):1074-1080. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4058. Epub 2017 Jan 18.

The pain induced by local acute inflammation results in mild to severe discomfort, in addition to the possibility of physiological dysfunction and psychiatric disorders, such as sleep disorders and depression. However, the pathogenesis of pain is yet to be...

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Zhang J, Deng X. Bupivacaine effectively relieves inflammation-induced pain by suppressing activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and inhibiting the activation of spinal microglia and astrocytes. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13(3):1074-1080doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4058.
Zhang, J., & Deng, X. (2017). Bupivacaine effectively relieves inflammation-induced pain by suppressing activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and inhibiting the activation of spinal microglia and astrocytes. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 13(3), 1074-1080. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4058
Zhang, Jingliang, and Deng, Xinlian. "Bupivacaine effectively relieves inflammation-induced pain by suppressing activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and inhibiting the activation of spinal microglia and astrocytes." Experimental and therapeutic medicine vol. 13,3 (2017): 1074-1080. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4058
Zhang J, Deng X. Bupivacaine effectively relieves inflammation-induced pain by suppressing activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and inhibiting the activation of spinal microglia and astrocytes. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Mar;13(3):1074-1080. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4058. Epub 2017 Jan 18. PMID: 28450945; PMCID: PMC5403393.
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Analgesic roles of peripheral intrinsic met-enkephalin and dynorphin A in long-lasting inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine

Jiang YL, He XF, Shen YF, Yin XH, DU JY, Liang YI, Fang JQ.
PMID: 26136984
Exp Ther Med. 2015 Jun;9(6):2344-2348. doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2407. Epub 2015 Apr 03.

Previous studies have focused on strategies for pain relief based on the peripheral opioid system. However, little is known with regard to the profile of the peripheral opioid system in long-lasting inflammatory pain. In the current study, the intrinsic...

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Jiang YL, He XF, Shen YF, et al. Analgesic roles of peripheral intrinsic met-enkephalin and dynorphin A in long-lasting inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(6):2344-2348doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2407.
Jiang, Y. L., He, X. F., Shen, Y. F., Yin, X. H., DU, J. Y., Liang, Y. I., & Fang, J. Q. (2015). Analgesic roles of peripheral intrinsic met-enkephalin and dynorphin A in long-lasting inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 9(6), 2344-2348. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2407
Jiang, Yong-Liang, et al. "Analgesic roles of peripheral intrinsic met-enkephalin and dynorphin A in long-lasting inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats." Experimental and therapeutic medicine vol. 9,6 (2015): 2344-2348. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2407
Jiang YL, He XF, Shen YF, Yin XH, DU JY, Liang YI, Fang JQ. Analgesic roles of peripheral intrinsic met-enkephalin and dynorphin A in long-lasting inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2015 Jun;9(6):2344-2348. doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2407. Epub 2015 Apr 03. PMID: 26136984; PMCID: PMC4473374.
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In vivo inflammation imaging using a CB2R-targeted near infrared fluorescent probe.

American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging

Zhang S, Shao P, Ling X, Yang L, Hou W, Thorne SH, Beaino W, Anderson CJ, Ding Y, Bai M.
PMID: 26069858
Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015 Feb 15;5(3):246-58. eCollection 2015.

Chronic inflammation is considered as a critical cause of a host of disorders, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases, although the exact mechanism is yet to be explored. Imaging tools that can specifically target inflammation are...

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Zhang S, Shao P, Ling X, et al. In vivo inflammation imaging using a CB2R-targeted near infrared fluorescent probe. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;5(3):246-58
Zhang, S., Shao, P., Ling, X., Yang, L., Hou, W., Thorne, S. H., Beaino, W., Anderson, C. J., Ding, Y., & Bai, M. (2015). In vivo inflammation imaging using a CB2R-targeted near infrared fluorescent probe. American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 5(3), 246-58.
Zhang, Shaojuan, et al. "In vivo inflammation imaging using a CB2R-targeted near infrared fluorescent probe." American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging vol. 5,3 (2015): 246-58.
Zhang S, Shao P, Ling X, Yang L, Hou W, Thorne SH, Beaino W, Anderson CJ, Ding Y, Bai M. In vivo inflammation imaging using a CB2R-targeted near infrared fluorescent probe. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015 Feb 15;5(3):246-58. eCollection 2015. PMID: 26069858; PMCID: PMC4446393.
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Experimental Validation of Multi-Epitope Peptides Including Promising MHC Class I- and II-Restricted Epitopes of Four Known Leishmania infantum Proteins.

Frontiers in immunology

Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Koutsoni O, Dotsika E, Karagouni E.
PMID: 24959167
Front Immunol. 2014 Jun 10;5:268. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00268. eCollection 2014.

Leishmaniasis is a significant worldwide health problem for which no vaccine exists. Activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is crucial for the generation of protective immunity against parasite. Recent trend in vaccine design has been shifted to epitope-based...

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Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Koutsoni O, et al. Experimental Validation of Multi-Epitope Peptides Including Promising MHC Class I- and II-Restricted Epitopes of Four Known Leishmania infantum Proteins. Front Immunol. 2014;5:268doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00268.
Agallou, M., Athanasiou, E., Koutsoni, O., Dotsika, E., & Karagouni, E. (2014). Experimental Validation of Multi-Epitope Peptides Including Promising MHC Class I- and II-Restricted Epitopes of Four Known Leishmania infantum Proteins. Frontiers in immunology, 5268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00268
Agallou, Maria, et al. "Experimental Validation of Multi-Epitope Peptides Including Promising MHC Class I- and II-Restricted Epitopes of Four Known Leishmania infantum Proteins." Frontiers in immunology vol. 5 (2014): 268. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00268
Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Koutsoni O, Dotsika E, Karagouni E. Experimental Validation of Multi-Epitope Peptides Including Promising MHC Class I- and II-Restricted Epitopes of Four Known Leishmania infantum Proteins. Front Immunol. 2014 Jun 10;5:268. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00268. eCollection 2014. PMID: 24959167; PMCID: PMC4051127.
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The melanocortin receptor type 3 agonist d-Trp(8)-γMSH decreases inflammation and muscle wasting in arthritic rats.

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle

Gómez-SanMiguel AB, Martín AI, Nieto-Bona MP, Fernández-Galaz C, Villanúa MÁ, López-Calderón A.
PMID: 27066320
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016 Mar;7(1):79-89. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12036. Epub 2015 May 11.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory diseases induce cachexia that increases mortality and morbidity of the illness. Adjuvant-induced arthritis is an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis that is associated with body weight loss and muscle wasting. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone has an anti-inflammatory...

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Gómez-SanMiguel AB, Martín AI, Nieto-Bona MP, et al. The melanocortin receptor type 3 agonist d-Trp(8)-γMSH decreases inflammation and muscle wasting in arthritic rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;7(1):79-89doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12036.
Gómez-SanMiguel, A. B., Martín, A. I., Nieto-Bona, M. P., Fernández-Galaz, C., Villanúa, M. �. �., & López-Calderón, A. (2016). The melanocortin receptor type 3 agonist d-Trp(8)-γMSH decreases inflammation and muscle wasting in arthritic rats. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 7(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12036
Gómez-SanMiguel, Ana Belen, et al. "The melanocortin receptor type 3 agonist d-Trp(8)-γMSH decreases inflammation and muscle wasting in arthritic rats." Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle vol. 7,1 (2016): 79-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12036
Gómez-SanMiguel AB, Martín AI, Nieto-Bona MP, Fernández-Galaz C, Villanúa MÁ, López-Calderón A. The melanocortin receptor type 3 agonist d-Trp(8)-γMSH decreases inflammation and muscle wasting in arthritic rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016 Mar;7(1):79-89. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12036. Epub 2015 May 11. PMID: 27066320; PMCID: PMC4799854.
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A sufficient role of MHC class I molecules on hepatocytes in anti-plasmodial activity of CD8 (+) T cells in vivo.

Frontiers in microbiology

Huang J, Tsao T, Zhang M, Rai U, Tsuji M, Li X.
PMID: 25729379
Front Microbiol. 2015 Feb 12;6:69. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00069. eCollection 2015.

Although CD8(+) T cells are shown to mediate the protective immunity against the liver stages of malaria parasites in mice, whether the direct presentation of malaria antigen by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules expressed on the liver...

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Huang J, Tsao T, Zhang M, et al. A sufficient role of MHC class I molecules on hepatocytes in anti-plasmodial activity of CD8 (+) T cells in vivo. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:69doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00069.
Huang, J., Tsao, T., Zhang, M., Rai, U., Tsuji, M., & Li, X. (2015). A sufficient role of MHC class I molecules on hepatocytes in anti-plasmodial activity of CD8 (+) T cells in vivo. Frontiers in microbiology, 669. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00069
Huang, Jing, et al. "A sufficient role of MHC class I molecules on hepatocytes in anti-plasmodial activity of CD8 (+) T cells in vivo." Frontiers in microbiology vol. 6 (2015): 69. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00069
Huang J, Tsao T, Zhang M, Rai U, Tsuji M, Li X. A sufficient role of MHC class I molecules on hepatocytes in anti-plasmodial activity of CD8 (+) T cells in vivo. Front Microbiol. 2015 Feb 12;6:69. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00069. eCollection 2015. PMID: 25729379; PMCID: PMC4325910.
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Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Exposed Nocturnally to Magnetic Fields.

The International journal of neuroscience

Persinger MA, Cook LL, Koren SA.
PMID: 10938555
Int J Neurosci. 1999 Jan;100(1):107-116.

After inoculation with spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant, female Lewis rats were exposed to weak, 7 Hz complex magnetic fields or to the control condition. The computer-generated magnetic field, whose amplitude varied from 15 nT to 60 nT...

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Persinger MA, Cook LL, Koren SA. Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Exposed Nocturnally to Magnetic Fields. Int J Neurosci. 1999;100(1):107-116
Persinger, M. A., Cook, L. L., & Koren, S. A. (1999). Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Exposed Nocturnally to Magnetic Fields. The International journal of neuroscience, 100(1), 107-116.
Persinger, et al. "Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Exposed Nocturnally to Magnetic Fields." The International journal of neuroscience vol. 100,1 (1999): 107-116.
Persinger MA, Cook LL, Koren SA. Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Exposed Nocturnally to Magnetic Fields. Int J Neurosci. 1999 Jan;100(1):107-116. PMID: 10938555.
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Immune Responses in Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis-Lesioned Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress.

The International journal of neuroscience

Popovic M, Popovic N, Eric-Jovicic M, Jovanova-Nesic K.
PMID: 10938557
Int J Neurosci. 1999 Jan;100(1):125-131.

The present study was designed to establish the influence of chronic social isolation stress on humoral and cellular immunity in nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM)-lesioned rats. Therefore, ten days after bilateral electrolytic lesions of NBM, adult male Wistar rats were...

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Popovic M, Popovic N, Eric-Jovicic M, et al. Immune Responses in Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis-Lesioned Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress. Int J Neurosci. 1999;100(1):125-131
Popovic, M., Popovic, N., Eric-Jovicic, M., & Jovanova-Nesic, K. (1999). Immune Responses in Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis-Lesioned Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress. The International journal of neuroscience, 100(1), 125-131.
Popovic, et al. "Immune Responses in Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis-Lesioned Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress." The International journal of neuroscience vol. 100,1 (1999): 125-131.
Popovic M, Popovic N, Eric-Jovicic M, Jovanova-Nesic K. Immune Responses in Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis-Lesioned Rats Exposed to Chronic Isolation Stress. Int J Neurosci. 1999 Jan;100(1):125-131. PMID: 10938557.
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Sensitization and recall of anti-Brucella immunity in Guinea pig macrophages by attenuated and virulent Brucella.

Infection and immunity

Ralston DJ, Elberg SS.
PMID: 16557954
Infect Immun. 1971 Feb;3(2):200-8. doi: 10.1128/iai.3.2.200-208.1971.

Peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs vaccinated with strain Rev I of Brucella melitensis were only moderately activated thereby to limit, in an in vitro system, the intracellular growth of Rev I bacilli. Nevertheless, the appropriate memory cells had been...

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Ralston DJ, Elberg SS. Sensitization and recall of anti-Brucella immunity in Guinea pig macrophages by attenuated and virulent Brucella. Infect Immun. 1971;3(2):200-8doi: 10.1128/iai.3.2.200-208.1971.
Ralston, D. J., & Elberg, S. S. (1971). Sensitization and recall of anti-Brucella immunity in Guinea pig macrophages by attenuated and virulent Brucella. Infection and immunity, 3(2), 200-8. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.3.2.200-208.1971
Ralston, D J, and Elberg, S S. "Sensitization and recall of anti-Brucella immunity in Guinea pig macrophages by attenuated and virulent Brucella." Infection and immunity vol. 3,2 (1971): 200-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.3.2.200-208.1971
Ralston DJ, Elberg SS. Sensitization and recall of anti-Brucella immunity in Guinea pig macrophages by attenuated and virulent Brucella. Infect Immun. 1971 Feb;3(2):200-8. doi: 10.1128/iai.3.2.200-208.1971. PMID: 16557954; PMCID: PMC416132.
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Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 2. Assessment of efficacy in the induction of protective immune responses to lethal bacterial infections in mice.

Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines

Lim SY, Bauermeister A, Kjonaas RA, Ghosh SK.
PMID: 17059608
J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Oct 23;4:5. doi: 10.1186/1476-8518-4-5.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvants are known to significantly enhance vaccine efficacy. However, commercial adjuvants often have limited use because of toxicity in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative effectiveness of a diterpene alcohol, phytol and its...

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Lim SY, Bauermeister A, Kjonaas RA, et al. Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 2. Assessment of efficacy in the induction of protective immune responses to lethal bacterial infections in mice. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006;4:5doi: 10.1186/1476-8518-4-5.
Lim, S. Y., Bauermeister, A., Kjonaas, R. A., & Ghosh, S. K. (2006). Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 2. Assessment of efficacy in the induction of protective immune responses to lethal bacterial infections in mice. Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines, 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-5
Lim, So-Yon, et al. "Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 2. Assessment of efficacy in the induction of protective immune responses to lethal bacterial infections in mice." Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines vol. 4 (2006): 5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-5
Lim SY, Bauermeister A, Kjonaas RA, Ghosh SK. Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 2. Assessment of efficacy in the induction of protective immune responses to lethal bacterial infections in mice. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Oct 23;4:5. doi: 10.1186/1476-8518-4-5. PMID: 17059608; PMCID: PMC1633728.
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Humoral immunity to cholera toxin and ovalbumin in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).

New Zealand veterinary journal

Khalil AM, McFarlane RG, Duckworth JA.
PMID: 16032163
N Z Vet J. 2001 Apr;49(2):54-9. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2001.36203.

AIM: To compare the humoral immune responses of female possums to ovalbumin (OVA) and cholera toxin (CT) administered using different routes and dosage regimes.METHODS: Three groups of mature female possums were immunised intragastrically (n=15) or surgically (intraileal, n=4; Peyer's...

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Khalil AM, McFarlane RG, Duckworth JA. Humoral immunity to cholera toxin and ovalbumin in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). N Z Vet J. 2001;49(2):54-9doi: 10.1080/00480169.2001.36203.
Khalil, A. M., McFarlane, R. G., & Duckworth, J. A. (2001). Humoral immunity to cholera toxin and ovalbumin in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). New Zealand veterinary journal, 49(2), 54-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2001.36203
Khalil, A M, et al. "Humoral immunity to cholera toxin and ovalbumin in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)." New Zealand veterinary journal vol. 49,2 (2001): 54-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2001.36203
Khalil AM, McFarlane RG, Duckworth JA. Humoral immunity to cholera toxin and ovalbumin in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). N Z Vet J. 2001 Apr;49(2):54-9. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2001.36203. PMID: 16032163.
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Analgesic efficacy of CR4056, a novel imidazoline-2 receptor ligand, in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.

Journal of pain research

Ferrari F, Fiorentino S, Mennuni L, Garofalo P, Letari O, Mandelli S, Giordani A, Lanza M, Caselli G.
PMID: 21647215
J Pain Res. 2011;4:111-25. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S18353. Epub 2011 Apr 18.

Two decades of investigations have failed to unequivocally clarify the functions and the molecular nature of imidazoline-2 receptors (I2R). However, there is robust pharmacological evidence for the functional modulation of monoamino oxidase (MAO) and other important enzyme activities by...

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Ferrari F, Fiorentino S, Mennuni L, et al. Analgesic efficacy of CR4056, a novel imidazoline-2 receptor ligand, in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain Res. 2011;4:111-25doi: 10.2147/JPR.S18353.
Ferrari, F., Fiorentino, S., Mennuni, L., Garofalo, P., Letari, O., Mandelli, S., Giordani, A., Lanza, M., & Caselli, G. (2011). Analgesic efficacy of CR4056, a novel imidazoline-2 receptor ligand, in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Journal of pain research, 4111-25. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S18353
Ferrari, Flora, et al. "Analgesic efficacy of CR4056, a novel imidazoline-2 receptor ligand, in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain." Journal of pain research vol. 4 (2011): 111-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S18353
Ferrari F, Fiorentino S, Mennuni L, Garofalo P, Letari O, Mandelli S, Giordani A, Lanza M, Caselli G. Analgesic efficacy of CR4056, a novel imidazoline-2 receptor ligand, in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain Res. 2011;4:111-25. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S18353. Epub 2011 Apr 18. PMID: 21647215; PMCID: PMC3100226.
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