Display options
Share it on

Int J Med Sci. 2014 Sep 06;11(11):1185-200. doi: 10.7150/ijms.10001. eCollection 2014.

Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention.

International journal of medical sciences

Yanling Wu, Yanping Ding, Yoshimasa Tanaka, Wen Zhang

Affiliations

  1. 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China; ; 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China;
  2. 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
  3. 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China;

PMID: 25249787 PMCID: PMC4166864 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.10001

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a serious and common chronic disease resulting from a complex inheritance-environment interaction along with other risk factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Type 2 diabetes and its complications constitute a major worldwide public health problem, affecting almost all populations in both developed and developing countries with high rates of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing exponentially, and a high prevalence rate has been observed in developing countries and in populations undergoing "westernization" or modernization. Multiple risk factors of diabetes, delayed diagnosis until micro- and macro-vascular complications arise, life-threatening complications, failure of the current therapies, and financial costs for the treatment of this disease, make it necessary to develop new efficient therapy strategies and appropriate prevention measures for the control of type 2 diabetes. Herein, we summarize our current understanding about the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes, the roles of genes, lifestyle and other factors contributing to rapid increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The core aims are to bring forward the new therapy strategies and cost-effective intervention trials of type 2 diabetes.

Keywords: genetic factor; intervention trial.; lifestyle; treatment; type 2 diabetes

References

  1. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013 Apr;15(4):291-300 - PubMed
  2. Lancet. 2009 May 23;373(9677):1743-4 - PubMed
  3. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Sep 19;104(18):1411-21 - PubMed
  4. Diabetes Care. 2002 Jun;25(6):984-8 - PubMed
  5. Postgrad Med. 2012 Jul;124(4):119-29 - PubMed
  6. Endocr Pract. 2007 Jul-Aug;13(4):355-62 - PubMed
  7. Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1047-53 - PubMed
  8. Lancet. 2011 Jul 2;378(9785):31-40 - PubMed
  9. Int J Cancer. 2007 Aug 15;121(4):856-62 - PubMed
  10. JAMA. 2003 Jul 23;290(4):486-94 - PubMed
  11. Clin Respir J. 2011 Jul;5(3):165-72 - PubMed
  12. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Jun 15;10(12 Pt 1):3988-95 - PubMed
  13. Diabetes Care. 2006 Sep;29(9):2102-7 - PubMed
  14. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jan;30(1):8-13 - PubMed
  15. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Feb 5;136(3):201-9 - PubMed
  16. Am J Manag Care. 2011 Mar;17(2 Suppl):S52-8 - PubMed
  17. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2012 May;6(2):129-35 - PubMed
  18. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013 Jun 17;6:217-31 - PubMed
  19. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):419-46, table of contents - PubMed
  20. Nat Genet. 2008 Sep;40(9):1092-7 - PubMed
  21. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):289-94 - PubMed
  22. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Apr;93(4):764-71 - PubMed
  23. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):782-7 - PubMed
  24. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32(11):2116-9 - PubMed
  25. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2392-404 - PubMed
  26. Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):889-94 - PubMed
  27. Lancet. 2012 Apr 14;379(9824):1403-11 - PubMed
  28. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;10(2):147-55 - PubMed
  29. BMC Med. 2012 Jan 10;10:3 - PubMed
  30. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013 Sep;346(3):443-52 - PubMed
  31. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 2;270(22):12953-6 - PubMed
  32. Hypertension. 2008 Mar;51(3):784-90 - PubMed
  33. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Sep;99(3):1193-204 - PubMed
  34. Diabetologia. 2009 Mar;52(3):443-50 - PubMed
  35. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Mar;86(3):234-41 - PubMed
  36. Nat Genet. 2008 Sep;40(9):1098-102 - PubMed
  37. Drug Saf. 2005;28(7):601-31 - PubMed
  38. Hosp Pract (1995). 2011 Feb;39(1):7-21 - PubMed
  39. Br J Sports Med. 2009 Jan;43(1):1-2 - PubMed
  40. Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1341-5 - PubMed
  41. BMJ. 2009 Mar 17;338:b880 - PubMed
  42. Nat Genet. 2008 May;40(5):638-45 - PubMed
  43. Endocrinology. 2006 Apr;147(4):1830-7 - PubMed
  44. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):210-5 - PubMed
  45. Journ Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu. 2007;:13-20 - PubMed
  46. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1673-9 - PubMed
  47. Nature. 2011 Jan 27;469(7331):478-9 - PubMed
  48. Diabetes Care. 2010 Oct;33(10):2217-24 - PubMed
  49. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 May;76 Suppl 1:S3-12 - PubMed
  50. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 21;150(8):541-50 - PubMed
  51. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD003818 - PubMed
  52. BMC Public Health. 2012 Jul 28;12:567 - PubMed
  53. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32 Suppl 2:S232-6 - PubMed
  54. Diabetes Ther. 2013 Dec;4(2):195-220 - PubMed
  55. Diabet Med. 2013 Oct;30(10):1160-71 - PubMed
  56. Diabet Med. 2010 Aug;27(8):887-95 - PubMed
  57. Med Sci Monit. 2006 Jul;12(7):RA130-47 - PubMed
  58. BMJ Open. 2012 Oct 18;2(5): - PubMed
  59. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Spring;11(2):63-4 - PubMed
  60. Diabetologia. 2006 Feb;49(2):289-97 - PubMed
  61. BMC Fam Pract. 2013 Jun 07;14:78 - PubMed
  62. Chest. 2012 Oct;142(4):935-942 - PubMed
  63. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Aug;39(8):1233-40 - PubMed
  64. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 13;345(11):790-7 - PubMed
  65. JAMA. 2004 Aug 25;292(8):927-34 - PubMed
  66. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2220-32 - PubMed
  67. MedGenMed. 2006 Nov 15;8(4):34 - PubMed
  68. Lancet. 2010 Jun 26;375(9733):2196-8 - PubMed
  69. BMJ. 2009 Mar 17;338:b973 - PubMed
  70. Diabet Med. 2006 Jun;23(6):690-7 - PubMed
  71. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010 Aug 30;9:45 - PubMed
  72. Autoimmun Rev. 2011 Dec;11(2):137-42 - PubMed
  73. J Physiol. 2011 Nov 15;589(Pt 22):5333-4 - PubMed
  74. Diabetologia. 1999 Feb;42(2):139-45 - PubMed
  75. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2015-22 - PubMed
  76. Nutr Rev. 2006 Dec;64(12):509-17 - PubMed
  77. Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):281-6 - PubMed
  78. Diabetes Metab J. 2012 Oct;36(5):336-44 - PubMed
  79. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):14-9 - PubMed
  80. Diabetes Care. 2009 Aug;32(8):1404-10 - PubMed
  81. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Sep;87(3):254-62 - PubMed
  82. Circulation. 2007 Jul 31;116(5):480-8 - PubMed
  83. Diabetes. 2008 Nov;57(11):3122-8 - PubMed
  84. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013 Mar;9(3):363-77 - PubMed
  85. Annu Rev Med. 2011;62:361-80 - PubMed
  86. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Aug;93 Suppl 1:S60-5 - PubMed
  87. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 7;278(45):43919-27 - PubMed
  88. Diabetes. 2002 Apr;51(4):1088-92 - PubMed
  89. Front Neurol. 2012 Aug 13;3:126 - PubMed
  90. Diabetes Care. 2009 Sep;32(9):1656-62 - PubMed
  91. Am J Public Health. 2000 Sep;90(9):1409-15 - PubMed
  92. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:219-46 - PubMed
  93. Diabetes. 2005 Jan;54(1):158-65 - PubMed
  94. Genet Med. 2007 Aug;9(8):528-35 - PubMed
  95. Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):55-60 - PubMed
  96. Curr Diab Rep. 2011 Apr;11(2):83-90 - PubMed
  97. Diabetes. 2008 Feb;57(2):306-14 - PubMed
  98. Diabetes Care. 2002 Dec;25(12):2165-71 - PubMed
  99. Diabetes Metab. 2011 Nov;37 Suppl 3:S27-38 - PubMed
  100. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 21;8(6):e66568 - PubMed
  101. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1681-8 - PubMed
  102. Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1331-6 - PubMed
  103. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug;94(2):486-94 - PubMed
  104. BMJ. 2007 Feb 10;334(7588):299 - PubMed
  105. Eur J Cancer. 2008 Nov;44(17):2655-60 - PubMed
  106. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Dec 5;347(1-2):106-20 - PubMed
  107. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jan 1;79(1):29-36 - PubMed
  108. Obes Res. 2005 Apr;13(4):703-9 - PubMed
  109. Gastroenterology. 2005 Aug;129(2):464-75 - PubMed
  110. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 Mar 01;5(2):245-50 - PubMed
  111. J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2901-7 - PubMed
  112. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Aug;23(4):479-86 - PubMed
  113. Nutrients. 2012 Jan;4(1):52-67 - PubMed
  114. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Jul;12(7):613-22 - PubMed
  115. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Apr;23(4):919-31 - PubMed
  116. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 12;356(15):1517-26 - PubMed
  117. Drugs. 2003;63(18):1879-94 - PubMed
  118. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jan 20;91(2):151-6 - PubMed
  119. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):425-9 - PubMed
  120. Diabetologia. 2001 Jul;44(7):805-17 - PubMed
  121. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 3;344(18):1343-50 - PubMed
  122. Genet Med. 2006 Jul;8(7):395-400 - PubMed
  123. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 Sep;36(8):568-73 - PubMed
  124. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Oct;17(5):472-7 - PubMed
  125. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(21):2557-76 - PubMed
  126. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Feb;21(2):291-8 - PubMed
  127. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 Aug;59(7):365-73 - PubMed
  128. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 28;278(13):11303-11 - PubMed
  129. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Nov 08;8(4):228-36 - PubMed
  130. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Jul 3;94(13):972-80 - PubMed
  131. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013 Nov;9(11):660-9 - PubMed
  132. Diabetes Care. 1997 Apr;20(4):537-44 - PubMed
  133. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 Aug;83(2):121-8 - PubMed
  134. Diabetes Care. 2007 Mar;30(3):510-5 - PubMed
  135. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 25;362(12):1090-101 - PubMed
  136. J Clin Invest. 2007 Jun;117(6):1658-69 - PubMed
  137. Nat Genet. 2010 Jul;42(7):579-89 - PubMed
  138. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Oct 7;14(37):5695-700 - PubMed
  139. Horm Metab Res. 2010 Apr;42 Suppl 1:S3-36 - PubMed
  140. Am J Med. 2000 Nov;109(7):538-42 - PubMed
  141. Nature. 2007 Jun 7;447(7145):661-78 - PubMed
  142. Endocr Pract. 2007 May-Jun;13 Suppl 1:1-68 - PubMed
  143. Diabetes Care. 2011 Oct;34(10):2320-2 - PubMed
  144. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Feb;11(2):98-107 - PubMed
  145. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):725-31 - PubMed
  146. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Oct 15;15 Spec No 2:R124-30 - PubMed
  147. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27 Suppl 1:S84-7 - PubMed
  148. Arch Iran Med. 2012 Apr;15(4):239-46 - PubMed
  149. Lancet. 2009 May 9;373(9675):1607-14 - PubMed
  150. Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar;25(3):417-24 - PubMed
  151. BMC Med Genet. 2008 Jul 03;9:59 - PubMed
  152. Iran Biomed J. 2011;15(3):59-65 - PubMed
  153. Acta Med Indones. 2013 Apr;45(2):141-7 - PubMed
  154. Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1650-5 - PubMed
  155. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 29;334(9):574-9 - PubMed
  156. Nature. 2007 Feb 22;445(7130):881-5 - PubMed
  157. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1143-6 - PubMed
  158. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000 May-Jun;16(3):164-71 - PubMed
  159. Oman Med J. 2012 Jul;27(4):269-73 - PubMed
  160. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 12;107(41):17716-20 - PubMed
  161. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 3;355(5):467-77 - PubMed
  162. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005 Feb;67(2):152-62 - PubMed
  163. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403 - PubMed
  164. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Feb 19;99(4A):51B-67B - PubMed
  165. BMC Med. 2013 Jul 09;11:160 - PubMed
  166. Diabet Med. 2012 Apr;29(4):441-52 - PubMed
  167. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013 Aug;15(8):382 - PubMed
  168. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Dec;42(12):5947-9 - PubMed
  169. Curr Diab Rep. 2012 Oct;12(5):517-23 - PubMed
  170. Nat Genet. 2009 Jan;41(1):82-8 - PubMed
  171. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Feb;41(2):86-97 - PubMed
  172. J Diabetes Metab. 2012 Jun 23;3(198): - PubMed
  173. Bone. 2004 Nov;35(5):1136-43 - PubMed
  174. Diabetologia. 2009 Nov;52(11):2277-87 - PubMed
  175. Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep;33(9):2021-3 - PubMed
  176. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Jul;14(7 Suppl 2):S108-13 - PubMed
  177. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Sep;42(9):4390-2 - PubMed
  178. Nat Genet. 2009 Oct;41(10):1110-5 - PubMed
  179. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012 Jul 16;142:w13635 - PubMed
  180. BMC Public Health. 2011 Feb 18;11:119 - PubMed
  181. PLoS Genet. 2010 Feb 19;6(2):e1000847 - PubMed
  182. Nature. 2003 Mar 13;422(6928):173-6 - PubMed
  183. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013 Aug;101 Suppl 1:S4-14 - PubMed
  184. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug;101(8):1866-71 - PubMed
  185. FP Essent. 2013 May;408:20-4 - PubMed
  186. Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1690-9 - PubMed
  187. Genomics. 1995 May 1;27(1):149-54 - PubMed
  188. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1:S11-63 - PubMed
  189. Diabetologia. 2011 May;54(5):1013-8 - PubMed
  190. Nat Genet. 2007 Jun;39(6):770-5 - PubMed
  191. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2013;9:247-57 - PubMed
  192. Diabetes. 2009 Jun;58(6):1350-5 - PubMed
  193. BMJ. 2008 May 24;336(7654):1180-5 - PubMed
  194. Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1336-41 - PubMed
  195. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Jul-Aug;60(4):207-21 - PubMed
  196. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;291(1):E182-9 - PubMed
  197. Diabet Med. 2010 Mar;27(3):360-2 - PubMed

MeSH terms

Publication Types